Shoshone-Bannock Subsistence and SocietyMurphy, Robert F. (Robert Francis)
History
Shoshone-Bannock Subsistence and Society
Murphy, Robert F. (Robert Francis)
Bannock Indians; Shoshoni Indians
The mounted buffalo hunters were not the only Shoshone inhabitants of
Wyoming, and one more group remains to be discussed. In the mountain
chain extending from the Wind River Range northwest to the Teton and
Gros Ventres ranges and northward into Yellowstone lived a Shoshone
population known as the Dukarika, or Sheepeaters. These Dukarika are
not to be confused with a Shoshone population of the same name in the
mountains of Idaho. The two were socially and geographically separate;
their common name is due only to the fact that there were mountain
sheep in the habitats of both. The name thus has no more significance
in terms of political organization than do the food names applied to
Shoshone living in certain areas of Nevada and Idaho.
There is little documentary information on the Dukarika, and
contemporary Wind River informants knew very little about them. Our
earliest reference to these secluded people is found in Bonneville's
journals, when, in September, 1833, three Indians were sighted in the
Wind River Range. Irving writes (1850, p. 139):
Captain Bonneville at once concluded that these belonged to a
kind of hermit race, scanty in number, that inhabit the highest
and most inaccessible fastnesses. They speak the Shoshone
language and probably are offsets from that tribe, though they
have peculiarities of their own, which distinguish them from
all other Indians. They are miserably poor, own no horses, and
are destitute of every convenience to be derived from an
intercourse with the whites. Their weapons are bows and
stone-pointed arrows, with which they hunt the deer, the elk,
and the mountain sheep. They are to be found scattered about
the countries of the Shoshone, Flathead, Crow, and Blackfeet
tribes; but their residences are always in lonely places, and
the clefts of rocks.
Osborne Russell, when trapping in Lamar Valley in Yellowstone Park in
July, 1835, observed (1955, p. 26):
Here we found a few Snake Indians comprising six men, seven
women, and eight or ten children who were the only inhabitants
of this lonely and secluded spot. They were all neatly clothed
in dressed deer and sheep skins of the best quality and seemed
to be perfectly contented and happy.
The Indians had "about thirty dogs on which they carried their skins,
clothing, provisions, etc., on their hunting excursions. They were
well armed with bows and arrows pointed with obsidian" (ibid.).
Russell also saw other "Mountain Snakes" near the headwaters of the
Shoshone River (ibid., p. 64). Speaking of the Dukarika, Hiram
Chittenden says (1933, p. 8):
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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