Free convection flow is a major transport process, and under its influence the mixing of substances is much more effective than when diffusion operates alone. Free convection flow is a macroscopic phenomenon which increases not only with g, but varies also approximately with the five-fourths power of the bulk concentration involved. Whether or not convection is important at the microscopic level remains an experimentally unsolved question. The Grashoff number limits free convection to the macroscopic domain. It would appear in weightlessness that the contribution of free convective flow would be small and that only diffusion should occur. This phenomenon would cause equilibration to occur much more slowly than that occurring with free convection and diffusion. The absence of convective transfer raises a problem as to how nutrients may be obtained and waste products removed in living cells during weightlessness. In a liquid substrate, nutrients and oxygen would be depleted, and waste products would accumulate around the cell. Absence of gravity may have far-reaching consequences in the homeostatic aspects of cell physiology. The outstanding characteristics of living cells which are most likely to be influenced by the absence of gravity are the ability of the cell to maintain its cytoplasmic membrane in a functional state, the capacity of the cell to perform its normal functions during the mitotic cycle, and the capacity of the cytoplasm to maintain the constant reversibility of its sol-gel system ([ref.66]). Two-phase systems, e.g., air-in-water and air-in-oil, possess entirely different characteristics at zero g than at 1 g. These physical differences in phase interaction could well be suspected of interfering with the orientation and flow pattern of cell constituents, thus hindering the cellular processes involved in the movement, metabolism, and storage of nutrients and waste. On the basis of theoretical calculations, weightlessness can be expected to have some effect even on one individual cell if its size exceeds 10 microns in diameter ([ref.64]). Cell colonies might be affected. In larger cells there may be a redistribution of enzyme-forming systems which give rise to polarization. The low surface tension of the cell membrane lends itself to hydrostatic stress distortion, implying an alteration in permeability and thus an almost certain alteration of cell properties under low gravity conditions. Another aspect of gravity that affects the growth and development of living organisms is the directionality of the gravitational field. In fact, some plants are so sensitive that they are able to direct their growth with as little stimulus as a 1×10⁻⁶ gravitational field. Investigations of plant growth in altered gravitational fields are underway at Argonne National Laboratory and Dartmouth College.