Experiments aimed at creating artificial Martian climatic conditions have been started quite recently; their number is not large since they cannot be combined with the results of numerous experiments investigating the effect of extreme factors on microorganisms. The result of the effect of such physicochemical parameters of the medium as pressure, sharp temperature changes, the absence of oxygen and insolation, depends on their combination and simultaneity. These examples convincingly show that while simulating Martian conditions one should strive to the most comprehensive complex of simultaneously acting factors. The creation of individual climatic parameters acting successively leads to absolutely different, often opposite results. It should be mentioned also that refusal to imitate insolation and the performance of experiments with specimens of soil which itself has protective effect on cells of microorganisms, but not with pure culture of bacteria, are usual shortcomings in the bulk of studies on this problem. It appears that organisms from Earth might survive in large numbers when introduced to Martian environment. Whether these organisms will be capable of growth and explosive contamination of the planet in a biological sense or not is highly questionable. The likelihood of an organism from Earth finding ideal conditions for growth on Mars seems extremely low. However, the likelihood of an organism from Earth serving as a contaminant for any life-detection device flown to Mars for the purpose of searching out carbon-based life is considerably higher. The chance that life has originated and evolved on Mars is a completely separate question and much more difficult to answer. It would be interesting to attempt to determine possible evolutionary trends which might occur on a planet by means of selection of organisms in a simulated planetary environment. Rapid genetic selection combined with radiation and chemicals to speed up mutation rate under these conditions should reveal possible evolutionary trends under the planetary environmental conditions. This could be attempted after the planetary environments are more accurately defined. EXTREME AND LIMITING ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS OF LIFE The question of the existence of extraterrestrial life is one of the most important and interesting biological questions facing mankind and has been the subject of much controversial discussion and conjecture. Many of the quantitative, and even qualitative, environmental constituents of the planets also are still subjects of controversy and speculation. Best guesses about a relatively unknown planetary environment, combined with lack of information about the capabilities of Earth life to grow in extreme environments, do not provide the basis for making informed scientific estimates.