The amino acid bases of DNA are: A, adenine; C, cytosine; G, guanine; T, thymine; and U, uracil, which replaces thymine in RNA. There are only 16 ways of arranging A, C, G, and T in pairs. For this and other reasons it is thought that a triplet of three consecutive bases is needed to code for each amino acid. The sequences of bases in a strand of DNA are known to be unrestricted with respect to the order in which they occur; apparently any one of the four bases can be next to any of the other four, although, of course, each base must be paired with the corresponding complementary base in the adjacent strand. Since the same freedom is true of the amino acid sequences in the polypeptide chains of proteins, any one of the 20 amino acids can occur next to any other. Moreover, the sequences in DNA are subject to mutational changes in which one base replaces another, or bases are added to or deleted from the DNA. Such rearrangements plus the possibility of lengthening of DNA molecules are numerous enough to account for all the genetics of living forms since the first appearance of life on Earth. Most of our knowledge is based on experiments with synthetic RNA carried out with extracts of _E. coli_. The majority of the work has been at Nirenberg’s laboratory at the National Institutes of Health and at Ochoa’s laboratory at New York University ([ref.155]). Various combinations of A, C, G, and U were used in preparing the synthetic RNA molecules that are used in experiments to explore the code. These molecules are made by incubating a mixture of ribonucleoside diphosphates with a specific enzyme, polynucleotide phosphorylase. An important property of this enzyme is that it condenses the nucleoside diphosphates into polynucleotide strands containing random sequences depending on the proportion of each base. For example, if the enzyme were furnished with a mixture of 5 parts of A and 1 part of C, it would make strands containing, on the average, 25 sequences of AAA, 5 of AAC, 5 of ACA, 5 of CAA, and 1 each of ACC, CAC, and CCA. The proportion of triplets within the strands of a polynucleotide is reflected in the proportion of amino acids in polypeptides that are obtained in the cell-free system. Most of the present knowledge of the amino acid code is based on this concept. All the proposed codes have been discovered by this experimental approach where synthetic RNA molecules are used as "artificial" messenger RNA.