Significant Achievements in Space Bioscience 1958-1964United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Science
Significant Achievements in Space Bioscience 1958-1964
United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Biology; Space flight
The variation in intensity has been explained recently by nonlife
mechanisms for Depressio Hellespontica (an area showing one of the
greatest seasonal changes) ([ref.2]). Similar nonlife mechanisms may be
applicable to the other dark regions, and, thus, the "darkening" can be
used only as circumstantial evidence in support of a Martian life form.
If inorganic interpretations of the seasonal albedo variation are
accepted, then an inorganic interpretation must also be advanced for the
polarization variation. Two possibilities can be suggested:
(1) A change in surface texture, caused by varying absorption of
atmospheric constituents, causing both the albedo and polarization
to change in the manner observed
(2) A change in surface texture, in which the surface material becomes
rougher, which also explains the observed polarization data
([ref.5])
The third argument against the regenerative feature of the dark areas
being a life process has been advanced by Kuiper ([ref.6]). It is based
on atmospheric circulation causing dust, presumably lava, to be blown on
the dark areas of Mars during the late summer, autumn, and winter, and
then removed during the spring. Mamikunian and Moore have recently
advanced the similar explanation that carbonaceous chondrites or
asteroidal matter may induce the observed phenomenon if they are
abundant on the planet’s surface. The pulverized chondritic material
will exhibit a high degree of opacity due to localization and, hence, a
change in polarization characteristics and a decrease in polarization
following mixing of the chondritic material with indigenous surface
minerals.
The fourth observational argument, the Sinton bands ([ref.7]), has been
shown to be at least doubtful. Rea, Belsky, and Calvin ([ref.8])
recorded infrared reflection spectra for a large number of inorganic and
organic samples, including minerals and biological specimens, for the
purpose of interpreting the 3µ-to-1µ spectrum of Mars. These authors
state that a previous suggestion that the Martian "bands" be attributed
solely to carbohydrates is not a required conclusion. At the same time
they fail to present a satisfactory alternate explanation, and the
problem remains unsolved. More recently, Rea et al. ([ref.9]) noted the
similarity between the 3.58µ and 3.69µ minima in the Martian infrared
spectra and those of D₂O-HDO-H₂O mixtures and, particularly, of HDO.
With all this marked disagreement in interpreting the observational data
concerning Mars, it becomes clearly evident that an experimental
approach to the detection of life on Mars should provide the maximum
positive information possible. Some life-detection experiments developed
with NASA support have been summarized by Quimby ([ref.10]).
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