No attempt has been made to give the impression of an archaic or Latin style. Hence “Christus” and “Paulus” are mostly avoided except in a few instances where they are mentioned for the first time by persons speaking from a non-Christian point of view. Similar apparent inconsistencies will be found in the use of “He” and “he,” denoting Christ. The use varies, partly according to the speaker, partly according to the speaker’s mood. It varies also in quotations from scripture according to the extent to which the Revised Version is followed. The utterances assigned to Epictetus are taken from the records of his sayings by Arrian or others. Some of these have been freely translated, paraphrased, and transposed; but none of them are imaginary. When Silanus says that his friend Arrian “never heard Epictetus say” this or that, the meaning is that the expression does not occur in Epictetus’s extant works, so far as can be judged from Schenkl’s admirable Index. The words assigned to Arrian, Silanus’s friend, when speaking in his own person, are entirely imaginary; but the statements made about Arrian’s birthplace and official career are based on history. Any words assigned by Scaurus to his “friend” Pliny, Plutarch, or Josephus, or by Silanus to “the young Irenæus,” or Justin, may be taken to be historical. The references will be given in the volume of Notes. Scaurus and Silanus occasionally describe themselves as “finding marginal notes” indicating variations in their MSS. of the gospels. In all such cases the imaginary “marginal notes” are based on actual various readings or interpolations which will be given in the volume of Notes. Most of these are of an early date, and may be based on much earlier originals; and care has been taken to exclude any that are of late origin. But the reader must bear in mind that we have no MSS. of the gospels, and therefore no “marginal notes,” of so early a date as 118 A.D. CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I THE FIRST LECTURE 15 II EPICTETUS ON THE GODS 25 III ARRIAN ON THE OATH OF THE CHRISTIANS 33 IV SCAURUS ON EPICTETUS AND PAUL 41 V EPICTETUS ALLUDES TO JEWS 54 VI PAUL ON THE LOVE OF CHRIST 65 VII DAVID AND MOSES 77 VIII EPICTETUS ON SIN 85 IX ARRIAN’S DEPARTURE 91 X EPICTETUS ON DEATH 97 XI ISAIAH ON DEATH 102 XII ISAIAH ON PROVIDENCE 109 XIII EPICTETUS ON PROVIDENCE 117 XIV PAUL’S CONVERSION 125 XV EPICTETUS’S GOSPEL 136