X. Piar's Death. Victory of Calabozo. Second Defeat at La Puerta. Submission of Páez (1817-1818) XI. The Congress of Angostura. A great Address. Campaigning in the Plains (1819) XII. Bolívar Pays His Debt to Nueva Granada. Boyacá. A Dream Comes True (1819) XIII. Humanizing War. Morillo's Withdrawal (1820) XIV. The Second Battle of Carabobo. Ambitions and Rewards. Bolívar's Disinterestedness. American Unity (1821) XV. Bomboná and Pichincha. The Birth of Ecuador. Bolívar and San Martín Face to Face (1822) XVI. Junín, a Battle of Centaurs. The Continent's Freedom Sealed in Ayacucho (1822-1824) XVII. Bolivia's Birth. Bolívar's Triumph. The Monarchical Idea. From Honors to Bitterness (1825-1827) XVIII. The Convention of Ocaña. Full Powers. An Attempt at Murder (1828) XIX. Difficulties with Perú. Slanders and Honors. On the Road to Calvary (1829-1830) XX. Friends and Foes. Sucre's Assassination. The Lees of Bitterness. An Upright Man's Death (1830) XXI. The Man and His Work SIMÓN BOLÍVAR (THE LIBERATOR) Patriot, Warrior, Statesman Father of Five Nations CHAPTER I _The Spanish Colonies in America_ Everybody knows that America was discovered by Christopher Columbus, who served under the King and Queen of Spain, and who made four trips, in which he discovered most of the islands now known as the West Indies and part of the central and southern regions of the American continent. Long before the English speaking colonies which now constitute the United States of America were established, the Spaniards were living from Florida and the Mississippi River to the South, with the exception of what is now Brazil, and had there established their culture, their institutions and their political system. In some sections, the Indian tribes were almost exterminated, but generally the Spaniards mingled with the Indians, and this intercourse resulted in the formation of a new race, the mixed race (mestizos) which now comprises the greater number of the inhabitants of what we call Latin America. African slavery added another racial element, which is often discernible in the existing population. The Latin American peoples today are composed of European whites, American whites (creoles), mixed races of Indian and white, white and Negro, Negro and Indian, Negro and mestizo, and finally, the pure Indian race, distinctive types of which still appear over the whole continent from Mexico to Chile, but which has disappeared almost entirely in Uruguay and Argentina. Some countries have the Indian element in larger proportions than others, but this distribution of races prevails substantially all over the continent.