ɥ (in Osage), an h after a pure or nasalized vowel, expelled through the mouth with the lips wide apart. ḣ (in Dakota), _kh_, etc. See q. i, as in _machine_. ’i, an initially exploded i. ĭ, as in _pin_. j, as _z_ in _azure_, or as _j_ in the French _Jacques_. ʞ, a medial k, a sonant-surd, k’, an exploded k. See next letter. ḳ (in Dakota), an exploded k. ɯ (in Kansa), a medial m, a sound between m and b. ɳ (in Dakota), after a vowel has the sound of _n_ in the French _bon_. See [n]. ñ, as _ng_ in _sing_. hn, its initial sound is expelled from the nostrils and is scarcely heard. o, as in _no_. ’o, an initially exploded o. *d*, a medial b or p, a sonant-surd. p’, an exploded p. q, as German _ch_ in _ach_. See ḣ. *s*, a medial z or s, a sonant-surd. ṡ (in Dakota), as _sh_ in _she_. See c. ʇ, a medial d or t, a sonant-surd. t’, an exploded t. u, as _oo_ in _tool_. ’u, an initially exploded u. ŭ, as _oo_ in _foot_. u̱, a sound between o and u. ü, as in German _kühl_, _süss_. x, _gh_, or nearly the Arabic _ghain_. See ġ. ź (in Dakota), as _z_ in _azure_. See j. dj, as _j_ in _judge_. tc, as _ch_ in _church_. See ć. tc’, an exploded tc. ʇɔ, a medial tc, a sonant-surd. ts’, an exploded ts. ʇs, a medial ts, a sonant-surd. ai, as in _aisle_. au, as _ow_ in _how_. yu, as _u_ in _tune_, or _ew_ in _few_. The following have the ordinary English sounds: b, d, h, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, w, y, and z. A superior n (n) after a vowel (compare the Dakota ɳ) has the sound of the French n in _bon_, _vin_, etc. A plus sign (+) after any letter prolongs it. The vowels ’a, ’e, ’i, ’o, ’u, and their modifications are styled initially exploded vowels for want of a better appellation, there being in each case an initial explosion. These vowels are approximately or partially pectoral sounds found in the Siouan languages and also in some of the languages of western Oregon and in the language of the Hawaiian islands. CONTENTS GENERAL FEATURES OF ORGANIZATION THE DAKOTA TRIBES DESIGNATION AND MODE OF CAMPING THE MDEWAKANTONWAN THE WAQPE-KUTE THE WAQPE-TONWAN OR WAHPETON THE SISITONWAN OR SISSETON THE IHAÑKTONWAN OR YANKTON THE IHAÑKTONWANNA OR YANKTONAI THE TITONWAN OR TETON TRIBAL DIVISIONS THE SITCANXU THE ITAZIPTCO THE SIHA-SAPA OR BLACKFEET THE MINIKOOJU THE OOHE-NONPA OR TWO KETTLES THE OGLALA THE HUÑKPAPA DAKOTA SOCIAL CUSTOMS THE ASINIBOIN THE OMAHA THE PONKA THE QUAPAW OR KWAPA THE KAƝZE OR KANSA THE OSAGE THE IOWA THE OTO THE NI-U’-T’A-TCI OR MISSOURI THE HOTCAÑGARA OR WINNEBAGO THE MANDAN THE HIDATSA THE CROW OR ABSAROKA THE BILOXI THE TUTELO THE CATAWBA ILLUSTRATIONS