Finally, it is by no means improbable that the cats (_Felidæ_) have no near kinship with the civets, but may be directly sprung from more primitive Carnivora. It is thus evident that Flower’s proposed triple division of the Carnivora is not altogether in accord with palæontological, or phylogenetic, evidence. An amendment is to merge the Cynoidea in the Arctoidea, and thus retain only two groups. The observations recorded in the paper have a high permanent value, in respect to the structure of the carnivorous skull. Another paper by Flower appeared in the Zoological Society’s _Proceedings_ for 1869, dealing with the anatomy of the soft parts of that remarkable animal, the African aard-wolf (_Proteles cristatus_). Although the skeleton had been previously described, no information had hitherto been available with regard to the viscera. In the paper discussed in the foregoing paragraphs Flower, from the external characters, coupled with those of the dentition and skeleton, had regarded the creature as the representative of a distinct family, intermediate in some respects between the _Hyænidæ_ and the _Viverridæ_. The result of the examination of the viscera was in the main to support this conclusion, although it showed that the _Proteleidæ_ are more closely allied to the _Hyænidæ_ than the author had previously believed to be the case. The aard-wolf may, indeed, be regarded as a kind of small and degraded hyæna, with an almost rudimentary type of dentition, suitable to the soft substances on which it feeds. Passing on to the year 1870, we have to note the appearance of two separate works bearing Flower’s name. The first of these was the _Introductory Lectures to the Course of Comparative Anatomy_, delivered at the Royal College of Surgeons in that year. Far more important was the issue of the first edition of that invaluable text-book, _An Introduction to the Osteology of the Mammalia_. Since, however, mention of this work had been already made in an earlier chapter, it need not be further alluded to in this place.