The American Anti-Slavery Society was founded at a National Anti- Slavery Convention held in Philadelphia, in December, 1831. Hard upon the establishment of the _Liberator_ came the Nat Turner insurrection in Southampton County, Virginia (August, 1831). This gave to the South a fresh ground to complain of the North. Turner's insurrection was held to be the legitimate fruit of abolition agitation. Turner was an African of natural capacity, who quoted the Bible fluently, prayed vehemently, and preached to his fellow slaves. He told them, as did Joan of Arc, of "_Voices_" and "_Visions_," and of his communion with the Holy Spirit. An eclipse of the sun was the signal to strike their enemies and for freedom. The massacre lasted forty-eight hours, and sixty-one whites, women and children not spared, were victims. On the other hand, negroes were shot, tortured, hanged, and burned at the stake on whom the slightest suspicion of complicity fell. The Nat Turner negro slave insurrection is the only one known to slavery in the United States. Others may possibly have been contemplated. The John Brown raid was not a negro insurrection. Even in the midst of the war (1861-65), believed by most slaves to be a war for their freedom, insurrections were unknown.(55) The African race, the most wronged through the centuries, has been the most docile and the least revengeful of the races of the world. (45) Confederate Con., Art. 1, Sec. 8, par. 1. (46) The South in the days of slavery had, practically, no manufactories. (47) Benton, _Thirty Years' View_, vol. i., p. 343. (48) Rhodes, _Hist. U. S._, vol. i., pp. 49-50. (49) January 26, 1830. (50) For this report and history see Benton's _Thirty Years' View_, vol. i, pp. 580, etc. (51) _Thirty Years' View_, vol. ii., chap. clxxxix.; Historical, etc. Examination, _Dred Scott Case_ (Benton), p. 139. (52) Historical, etc., Examination, _Dred Scott Case_ (Benton), p. 141-4. (53) _Ibid_., p. 181. (54) Historical, etc., Ex., _Dred Scott Case_, pp. 181-2. (55) There were some small insurrections and some threatened ones in the colonies as early as 1660, the guilty negroes or Indians being then punished by crucifixion, burning, and by starvation; other insurrections took place in the Carolinas and Georgia in 1734, and the Cato insurrection occurred at Stono, S. C., in 1740. There was a wide spread "Negro Plot" in New York in 1712. These attempts alarmed the colonies and caused some of them to take steps to abolish slavery.--_Sup. of African Slave-Trade U. S._, pp. 6, 10, 22, 206. XIV TEXAS--ADMISSION INTO THE UNION (1845)