As an evidence of their advanced civilization, it may be mentioned that the Libyans were highly accomplished in horticulture at a time when the fields of Greece and Italy were only rudely ploughed. From Libya across the Mediterranean, the leguminous or pulse plants seem to have been introduced into Southern Europe, together with the mode of their use and culture; and some investigators consider that the Latin names for "pease" (_cicer_), for "lentils" (_lens_, _lentis_), and for "beans" (_faba_), have their origin in the Berber _ikiker_, _ta-linit_, and _fabua_. But to these words, also, others give a Sanscrit origin. _Cucurbis_ "cucumber," is in Berber _curumb_--although, again, it is traced, but forcedly, to the Sanscrit. Whatever may be the origin of the words, it is an historical fact that the Romans acquired their whole knowledge of horticulture from the Libyans and Libyo-Phoenicians; and it may even be surmised that the Latin _urtus_, "hortus," had its root in the Berber _urt_. Civilization among the Libyans, therefore, was anterior to any contact either with Phoenicians or Greeks, and long centuries anterior to the Carthaginian domination over the northern shores of Africa. The Libyans were a nation of agriculturists and freeholders. No trace of slavery appears among them, and, if it existed at all, was altogether insignificant and accidental. When the Phoenicians and Canaanitish settlements increased in power and number, the Libyans became tributary colonists, and the Phoenicians instituted the slave-trade among them, whose victims were confined mostly to the nomads. As we have before said, the poor white colonists sent from Canaan and Phoenicia to Libya intermarried with the natives; and from this union came the Libyo-Phoenicians of history. The relations which the Libyans (and subsequently the Libyo-Phoenicians, when again subjugated) held to Phoenician and Canaanitish settlers, were similar to those which free Romans afterward held to the Longobard and Frankish conquerors who settled upon and held the lands of which they were once the masters. IV. CARTHAGINIANS. AUTHORITIES: _Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Polybius, Corippus, Moevers, etc._