Produced by David Clarke, Josephine Paolucci and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net. (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) Soap-Making Manual A practical handbook on the raw materials, their manipulation, analysis and control in the modern soap plant. By _E. G. Thomssen, Ph. D._ ILLUSTRATED NEW YORK D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY EIGHT WARREN STREET 1922 COPYRIGHT 1922 BY D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY Printed in the United States of America * * * * * Transcriber's note: This is a series of articles collected into a book. There are differences in spelling and punctuation in the different chapters (e.g. cocoanut in one chapter and coconut in another). These differences were left in the text as they appeared. For Text: A word surrounded by a tilde such as ~this~ signifies that the word is bolded in the text. A word surrounded by underscores like _this_ signifies the word is italics in the text. For numbers and equations: Parentheses have been added to clarify fractions. Underscores before bracketed numbers in equations denote a subscript. The Degree symbol has been changed to deg. in the ASCII file. Minor typos have been corrected and footnotes moved to the end of the chapters. * * * * * PREFATORY NOTE. The material contained in this work appeared several years ago in serial form in the American Perfumer and Essential Oil Review. Owing to the numerous requests received, it has been decided to now place before those interested, these articles in book form. While it is true that the works pertaining to the soapmaking industry are reasonably plentiful, books are quite rare, however, which, in a brief volume, will clearly outline the processes employed together with the necessary methods of analyses from a purely practical standpoint. In the work presented the author has attempted to briefly, clearly, and fully explain the manufacture of soap in such language that it might be understood by all those interested in this industry. In many cases the smaller plants find it necessary to dispense with the services of a chemist, so that it is necessary for the soapmaker to make his own tests. The tests outlined, therefore, are given as simple as possible to meet this condition. The formulae submitted are authentic, and in many cases are now being used in soapmaking.