In using the sampler it is introduced into the drum with the ports closed, and when it has touched the bottom, the ports are opened for a second or two, then closed and withdrawn, and the sample discharged into the receiving vessel by opening the ports. When the drum contains salt which has deposited, the ports must be opened before the sampler is pushed through the salt, thus enabling a portion to be included in the sample. It is, however, almost impossible to obtain a correct proportion of salt after it has settled in the drum and it is therefore recommended that the drum be sampled before any salt has deposited. A sampler 1 in. in diameter withdraws approximately 10 oz. from a 110-gal. drum. A sampler 5/8 in. in diameter will withdraw about 5 oz. FOOTNOTES: [13] Zeit. Angew. Chem. 19, 385 (1906). [14] Zeit. Angew. Chem. 27, 11-20 (1914). [15] Bull. 107, Bur. Chem. U. S. Dept. Agriculture. [16] Richards and Gies, Am. J. Physiol. (1902) 7, 129. [17] Seifensieder Ztg. (1913) No. 46. [18] Bull 107, Bur. Chem. U. S. Dept. Agriculture. [19] Carbon is readily burned off completely, without loss of chlorides, in a gas-heated muffle furnace adjusted to a dull red heat. [20] An electric oven suitable for this work, which is readily adjusted to 160 degs. C., has been made for Mr. Low and the chairman, by the Apparatus and Specialty Company, Lansing, Mich. Its size is 9-1/2 x 10 x 16 inches, and capacity 8 Petrie dishes. It gives a strong draft at constant temperature. [21] A precipitate at this point is an indication of the presence of iron or alumina, and high results will be obtained unless a correction is made as described below. CHAPTER VII Standard Methods for the Sampling and Analysis of Commercial Fats and Oils[22] The following report of the _Committee on Analysis of Commercial Fats and Oils_ of the _Division of Industrial Chemists and Chemical Engineers_ of the American Chemical Society was adopted April 14, 1919, by unanimous vote: W. D. RICHARDSON, _Chairman_, Swift and Co., Chicago, Ill. R. W. BAILEY, Stillwell and Gladding, New York City. W. J. GASCOYNE, W. J. Gascoyne and Co., Baltimore, Md. I. KATZ,[A] Wilson and Co., Chicago, Ill. A. LOWENSTEIN,[A] Morris and Co., Chicago, Ill. H. J. MORRISON, Proctor and Gamble Co., Ivorydale, Ohio. J. R. POWELL, Armour Soap Works, Chicago, Ill. R. J. QUINN,[A] Midland Chemical Co., Argo, Ill. PAUL RUDNICK, Armour and Co., Chicago, Ill. L. M. TOLMAN, Wilson and Co., Chicago, Ill. E. TWITCHELL,[A] Emery Candle Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. J. J. VOLLERTSEN, Morris and Co., Chicago, Ill. [Note A: Resigned.] Scope, Applicability and Limitations of the Methods. SCOPE.