I. PROHIBITION AND LOCAL OPTION IN CANADA 75 II. LOCAL CONTROL IN NEW ZEALAND 92 III. LICENSING IN AUSTRALIA 104 PART III.--THE CONTINENT OF EUROPE. I. THE STATE AS DISTILLER 112 II. THE GOTHENBURG SYSTEM 122 PART IV.--ENGLAND. I. THE GROWTH OF THE LICENSING SYSTEM 133 II. PROPOSED REFORMS 147 III. THE PROBLEMS OF REFORM 169 IV. THE PATH OF PROGRESS 191 APPENDICES. I. THE CONDITION OF WORKING MEN IN MAINE 199 II. THE GIN ACT, 1736 200 SOBER BY ACT OF PARLIAMENT. PART I. AMERICA. CHAPTER I. THE STATE AS SALOON KEEPER. During the last few months South Carolina has been the scene of a remarkable experiment in liquor legislation, which has attracted considerable attention from social reformers everywhere. Though professedly based on the Gothenburg system, the Dispensaries Act differs from its prototype in many important respects. As in Sweden, the element of individual profit is eliminated, and the control of the trade is taken out of the hands of private persons; but in place of the drink shops being conducted by the municipalities, they are placed under the direct supervision of the State Government. The saloon has been abolished, and its place taken by dispensaries, where liquor can only be obtained in bottles for consumption off the premises. All public inducements to tippling have been removed at a sweep; and while it is possible for any sober adult to obtain what liquor he wishes, no one is pecuniarily interested in forcing intoxicants on him. The Act was in operation for too short a time to allow anything definite to be said as to its success or failure. It received the fiercest opposition from an influential body of politicians, and from the more lawless section of the community; and the dispossessed saloon keepers, with all the following they could command, naturally did their best to cause it to fail. In the election of 1892 the prohibition party showed great activity, and succeeded in obtaining a majority at the polls. The question of the control of the liquor traffic occupied a foremost place at the meeting of the new Legislature. Many members were in favour of out-and-out prohibition, and a Bill was introduced to make the manufacture or sale of drink illegal. But, after considerable debate on the subject, a new measure was hastily brought before the Senate, at the instigation of the Governor, the Hon. Benjamin R. Tillman, as a compromise between the views of the extreme prohibitionists and those who held that, in the present condition of public opinion, prohibition would be largely inoperative, and consequently injurious to the temperance cause. The measure was rushed through the Legislature with little or no debate, and at once received the sanction of the Governor.