------------------------------------------------------------------------ Transcriber’s Note: This version of the text cannot represent certain typographical effects. Italics are delimited with the ‘_’ character as _italic_. Boldface type is delimited with the ‘=’ character as =Boldface=. Footnotes have been moved to follow the paragraphs in which they are referenced. The many marginal notes usually appeared at the beginning of a paragraph. These are given here on a separate line as [Sidenote: A topic.] Where the notes are in mid-paragraph, they are merely interpolated in the text [Sidenote: Inline] at an appropriate point. There are a number of diagrams that cannot be directly rendered in this version. An attempt has been made for each to retain the information conveyed. For instance, the chart of the various municipal offices facing p. 205 has been rendered here as an indented list. All illustrations, charts, tables and graphs are accompanied by a separate explanatory page, either preceding or following. Neither are included in the pagination. They have been moved to the nearest logical paragraph break, and demarcated by horizontal rules, which do not appear in the text. A chart, “The Commission Plan”, facing p. 195, is missing from the list of Maps, Charts, and Diagrams. Minor errors, attributable to the printer, have been corrected. Please see the transcriber’s note at the end of this text for details regarding the handling of any textual issues encountered during its preparation. SOCIAL CIVICS ┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ Books by WILLIAM BENNETT MUNRO │ │ │ │ THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES │ │ THE GOVERNMENT OF AMERICAN CITIES │ │ THE GOVERNMENT OF EUROPEAN CITIES │ │ PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION │ └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ JUSTICE By Edward Simmons This frontispiece is a reproduction of a famous mural decoration in the New York Criminal Court House. The background is the doorway of the criminal court room. Justice stands before the entrance holding in one hand the conventional scales as a token of impartiality, and in the other hand a globe to symbolize the world. Over her left shoulder is draped the national flag. Condemnation and Acquittal are typified by the two children, one of whom holds a sword, the other the dove of peace.