In 1880, for example, only about four per cent of the immigrants were Italians while about thirty per cent were Germans; in 1910 the Italians had risen to more than twenty per cent while the German immigrants had declined to less than five per cent. Footnote 12: From 1783 to 1820 it is estimated that not more than 250,000 immigrants came to the United States. P. F. Hall, _Immigration_, p. 4. The total population in 1820 was ten millions. CHAPTER III ECONOMIC FACTORS AND ORGANIZATION _The purpose of this chapter is to show how wealth is created and how it is distributed among the people._ [Sidenote: Primitive needs and modern needs.] =The Economic Needs of Man.=—The most elementary needs of human beings are for food, clothing, and shelter. Until these are satisfied no higher needs can develop. In the lowest stages of barbarism men are content with the satisfaction of these elementary needs alone; but as they obtain a greater mastery over nature and are able to supply these wants more easily, other and higher wants arise within them. As men and women become more intelligent and more refined, they grow discontented with the primitive and coarser kinds of food; they seek more presentable clothing than the skins of wild animals; they replace their rude huts with substantial houses of wood. Step by step, as the human race has advanced in civilization, its needs have become more numerous and more varied. Purely material requirements being satisfied, other and higher demands arise. The spiritual and social aspirations make their appearance. As mankind passes each stage in civilization it finds, through the growing control over nature, that purely material wants can be satisfied with less and less exertion. Men gain their daily bread today with infinitely less effort than in primitive times. The chief reason is that they have learned to act collectively in mastering the forces of nature; in other words they have achieved a high degree of economic organization. [Sidenote: How the economic motives promote progress.]