CHILD LABOR IN THE DEPARTMENT STORE 165 =Franklin N. Brewer, Esq.=, General Manager Wanamaker Store, Philadelphia NECESSITY FOR FACTORY LEGISLATION IN THE SOUTH 179 =Hayes Robbins, Esq.=, Dean, Institute of Social Economics, New York CHILD LABOR IN NEW JERSEY 189 =Hugh F. Fox, Esq.=, President New Jersey State Board Children’s Guardians CHILD LABOR IN BELGIUM 201 =Ernest Dubois=, Professor of the University of Ghent MACHINERY AND LABOR 221 =Henry White, Esq.=, General Secretary United Garment Workers of America PART V FACTORY LEGISLATION AND INSPECTION TENDENCIES OF FACTORY LEGISLATION AND INSPECTION IN THE UNITED STATES 233 =Sarah S. Whittelsey, Ph. D.=, New Haven, Conn. PART VI JUVENILE COURTS PROBATION AND JUVENILE COURTS 257 =Mrs. Emily E. Williamson=, President New Jersey State Conference of Charities and Corrections THE JUVENILE COURT IN PHILADELPHIA 269 =Hon. Abraham M. Beitler=, Court of Common Pleas No. 1, Philadelphia JUVENILE COURTS IN BUFFALO 277 =Frederic Almy=, Secretary Charity Organization Society, Buffalo PART VII PROCEEDINGS OF ANNUAL MEETING 287 I. The Annual Address SOCIAL EFFECTS OF TRANSPORTATION By HONORABLE MARTIN A. KNAPP Chairman of Interstate Commerce Commission, Washington, D. C. The progress of mankind in devising means of transportation embraces three distinctive stages. The primitive man traveled on foot and moved his scanty belongings with his own muscle; and we can only imagine the ages that elapsed before he secured any aid for the transfer of his person or his property other than his own bodily powers. Probably the first contrivance for carriage was a rough-hewn plank or pole dragged upon the ground. Two connected planks doubtless formed the original sled. Finally the idea was conceived—some accident suggesting it—of lessening friction by the use of rollers. The rollers gradually developed into wheels, and when at last the wheels were made in pairs which revolved upon an axle the essential feature of all subsequent vehicles was devised and employed.