[Footnote 339: In ch. 185 he mentions towns where many other objects may be bought best and cheapest: at Rome, e.g., clothing and rugs, at Cales and Minturnae farm-instruments of iron, etc. See also Gummerus, _op. cit._ p. 36.] [Footnote 340: _R.R._ 10 and 11.] [Footnote 341: Assiduos homines quinquaginta praebeto, i.e. the contractor: ch. 144.] [Footnote 342: See the discussion of this word in Gummerus, p. 62 foll. Varro defines them as those "qui suas operas in servitutem dant pro pecunia quam debebant" (_de Ling. Lat._ vii. 105), i.e. they give their labour as against servitude.] [Footnote 343: _R.R._ i. 22.] [Footnote 344: Cp. Plut. _Cato the Elder_ 21; a slave must be at work when he is not asleep.] [Footnote 345: This is a point on which I cannot enter, but there can hardly be a doubt that in the long run free labour is cheaper. See Cairnes, _Slave Power in America_, ch. iii.; Salvioli, _Le Capitalisme_, p. 253; Columella, _Praejatio_.] [Footnote 346: Gummerus, p. 81. At the same time the small cultivator is an obvious fact in Columella, cultivating his bit of land without working for others.] [Footnote 347: For Spartacus, Appian, _B.G._ i. 116; for Caelius, Caesar, _B.C._ iii. 22; and cp. _B.C._ i. 56.] [Footnote 348: _R.R._ ii. 10.] [Footnote 349: Columella i. 8.] [Footnote 350: Gaius ii. 15.] [Footnote 351: For examples of slaves' devotion to their masters, Appian, _B.C._ iv. 29; Seneca, _de Benef_. iii. 25.] [Footnote 352: _ad Fam_. xvi. 1; read also the charming letters which follow. Tiro was manumitted by Cicero at an unknown date.] [Footnote 353: _ad Att_. xii. 10.] [Footnote 354: See the article "Manumissio" in _Dict. of Antiquities_.] [Footnote 355: Only in exercising the jus suffragii he was limited with all his fellow libertini to one of the four city tribes.] [Footnote 356: Val. Max. viii. 6. 2.] [Footnote 357: Sall. _Cat_. 24 and 56; Wallon, ii. p. 318 foll.] [Footnote 358: See, e.g., Cic. _ad Att_. ii. 24. 3; Asconius, _in Milonianam_ (ed. Clark, p. 31); Milo's host of slaves had gladiators among them, and were organised in military fashion (an antesignanus, p. 32), when he fell in with Clodius.] [Footnote 359: _Pro Sestio_, 15. 34.] [Footnote 360: _De Pet. Consulatus_, 5. 17.] [Footnote 361: _ad Quint. Fratr._ i. 2 _ad fin_.] [Footnote 362: Strabo, p. 381.] [Footnote 363: Dion. Hal. iv. 23.] [Footnote 364: Wallon, op. cit. ii. p. 436.] [Footnote 365: See Otto Seeck, _Geschichte des Untergangs der antiken Welt_, ch. iv. and v.] [Footnote 366: See Marquardt, _Privatleben_, p. 172.] [Footnote 367: Wallon (ii. p. 255 foll.) has collected a number of examples. Plautus' slaves are as much Athenian as Roman, but the conditions would be much the same in each case. Cp. Varro, _Men. Sat_. ed. Riese, p. 220: "Crede mihi, plures dominos servi comederunt quam canes."] [Footnote 368: Petronius, _Sat_. 75.] [Footnote 369: Diodorus xxxiv. 38.]