The Australians, though now their groups have coalesced into local tribes in defined areas, and though their customary law is extremely complex, are least remote from the primitive, least remote, but very far removed. They are, though our contemporaries, infinitely beneath the status in culture of palæolithic man of the mammoth and reindeer period. It is not improbable that he had domesticated the ox, goat, pig, horse, and dog. ‘They manufactured fine needles of bone, with which they sewed their skin garments. They adorned their persons with a variety of beads....’ Their art was of notorious and amazing excellence. Dr. Munro says that they were ‘ignorant of the rearing of domestic animals,’[4] but also that ‘there seems to be no inherent improbability in the idea that some of them’ (ox, goat, horse, pig, and dog) ‘had been domesticated by the indigenous inhabitants prior to the coming of the neolithic brachycephals into France.’[5] A palæolithic sketch of a horse ‘with a supposed cover,’ and another of a horse with a bridle,[6] may be misinterpreted: Dr. Munro thinks that the horse-cloth ‘may be no more than the hunter’s skin coat thrown over the back of the animal when led home by means of a halter made of thongs or withes to be there slaughtered.’ If palæolithic man had advanced as far as Dr. Munro supposes, it was a short step to the domestication of the horse. It is hardly conclusive to say that, if he had tamed the horse, ‘we would undoubtedly ere now have had an equestrian representation of the fact,’ though it is also said that ‘we have only as yet a preliminary instalment of these most interesting art productions.’[7] The representation may later be discovered. That palæolithic man, so far advanced as he was, was ‘ignorant of the principles of religion,’[8] seems a hasty conclusion. If he had the beliefs of our Australians in such potent beings as Baiame, Nooreli, Daramulun, Mungun-ngaur, Pirmaheal, and Pundjel, that belief would leave no material traces, except, perhaps, the Bull-roarer, whose noise represents the voice of one or other of these beings. Now a small but unmistakeable pair of palæolithic bull-roarers in bone, or of amulets which are bull-roarers in miniature, one of them decorated with the sacred Australian pattern of herring-bone and concentric circles, have been found in a quaternary station in France.[9]