No closer parallel between our rural folk-lore _sobriquets_ of village groups, given from without, and the names given from without of old savage totem groups (now reckoning in the male line, and, therefore, now settled together in given localities) could be invented. (For other examples see Appendix A.) I conceive, therefore, that my suggestion--the totem names of pristine groups were originally given from without, and were accepted (as in the case of the nicknames of Siouan _gentes_, now accepted by them)--may be reckoned no strain on our sense of probability. It is demonstrated that the name-giving processes of our villagers exist among American savage groups which reckon descent in the male line, and that they also existed among the savage groups which reckoned descent in the female line is, surely, a not unreasonable surmise. I add a list in parallel columns. English Village Names Siouan Group Names Rogues Bad Sorts Stags[50] Elk[50] Bull Dogs Common Dogs Horse Heads Warts on Horses’ Legs Bone Pickers Hide Scrapers Pretty Girls Girl Folk Eaters of Eaters of Whitpot Dried Venison Cheese Fish Barley Bread Dung Dog. THEORY THAT SIOUAN GENTES NAMES ARE OF EUROPEAN ORIGIN To produce, from North America, examples of group names conferred from without, as in the instances of our English villages, may, to some students, seem inadequate evidence. For example an unconvinced critic may say that the nicknames of Mr. Dorsey’s ‘Siouan _gentes_’ were originally given by white men; the Sioux, Dacota, Asineboin, and other tribes having been long in contact with Europeans. Now it is quite possible that some of the names had this origin, as Mr. Dorsey himself observed. But no critic will go on to urge that the common totemic names which still designate many _gentes_ were imposed by Europeans who came from English villages of ‘Mice,’ ‘Cuckoos,’ ‘Tater Grubs,’ ‘Dogs,’ and so forth. We might as wisely say that our peasantry borrowed these village names from what they had read about totem names in Cooper’s novels. To name individuals, or groups, after animals, is certainly a natural tendency of the mind, whether in savage or civilised society. If we take the famous Mandan tribe, now reckoning descent in the male line, but with undeniable survivals of descent in the female line, we find that the _gentes_ are: Wolf Bear Prairie Chicken _Good Knife_ Eagle _Flat Head_ _High Village_