Here, out of seven _gentes_, four names are totemic; one is a name of locality, ‘High Village,’ not a possible name in pristine nomadic society. While there are hundreds of such cases, we cannot reasonably regard the American group nicknames as generally of European origin. Still more does this theory fail us in the case of Melanesia, where contact with Europeans is recent and relatively slight. Among such tribes as the Mandans, and other Siouan peoples, we see Totemism with exogamy and female kinship waning, while kinship, recognised by male descent, _plus_ settled conditions, brings in local names for _gentes_, and tends to cause the substitution of local names and nicknames for the totem group name. Precisely the same phenomena meet us, as we are to see, in Melanesia. [Footnote 1: As to the _word_ ‘totem,’ but little is certainly known. Its earliest occurrence in literature, to my knowledge, is in a work by J. Long (1791), _Voyages and Travels of an Indian Interpreter_. Long sojourned among the Algonquin branch of the North American Indians. He spells the word ‘Totam,’ and even speaks of ‘Totamism.’ Mr. Tylor has pointed out that Long in one place confuses the totem, the hereditary group name, and protective object, with what used to be called the _manitu_ or ‘medicine,’ of each individual Indian, chosen by him, or her, after a fast, at puberty. _Remarks on Totemism_, 1898, pp. 139-40. Cf. _infra_, 135, note.] [Footnote 2: _Man_, 1902, No. 75.] [Footnote 3: _Totemism_, p. 2, 1887.] [Footnote 4: So also Mr. Hartland writes, _Man_, 1902, No. 84. But _manitu_ is perhaps too wide and vague a term: it usually connotes anything mystical or supernormal.] [Footnote 5: _Introduction to the History of Religion_, p. 214. Major Powell has said something to the same effect, but that was in a journal of ‘popular science.’] [Footnote 6: _Bureau of Ethnology_, 1893-1894, p. 241.] [Footnote 7: _L’Année Sociologique_, v. 93, 99, 100. As far as the proof rests on Arunta _traditions_, I lay no stress upon it.] [Footnote 8: _J. A. I._ vol. xviii., no. 3, p. 254.] [Footnote 9: Frazer, _Totemism_, p. 1.] [Footnote 10: Major Powell, _Man_, 1901, no. 75.] [Footnote 11: Howitt, _J. A. I._ xx. 40-41, 1891.] [Footnote 12: The Marquis d’Eguilles kindly sends me extracts from an official ‘Notice sur la Nouvelle-Calédonie,’ drawn up for the Paris Exhibition of 1900. The author says that the names of relationships are expressed, by the Kanaka, ‘in a touching manner.’ One name includes our ‘uncle’ and ‘father,’ another our ‘mother’ and ‘aunts;’ another name includes our ‘brothers,’ ‘sisters,’ and ‘cousins.’ This, of course, is ‘the classificatory system.’ About animal ‘fathers’ nothing is said.] [Footnote 13: Tylor, _Remarks on Totemism_, pp. 141-143. _Myth, Ritual, and Religion_, ii. 56-58. Turner’s _Samoa_, p. 17 (1884).] [Footnote 14: Howitt, _On the Organisation of Australian Tribes_, p. 136, note, 1889.]