And this weighing of one kind of value against another will take place
largely in terms of money, which exists for the very purpose of
facilitating such transactions. Thus honor is one of those values which
many would place outside the pecuniary sphere, and yet honor may call
for the saving of money to pay a debt, while sensuality would spend it
for a hearty dinner. In this case, then, we buy our honor with money, or
we sell it, through money, for something lower. In much the same way are
the larger choices of society, as, for example, between power devoted to
education and power devoted to warships, expressed in pecuniary terms.
In general we do, in fact, individually and collectively, weigh such
things as friendship, righteousness, and beauty against other matters,
and in terms of money. Beauty is on the market, however undervalued, in
the form, for example, of music, art, literature, flowers, and
dwelling-sites. A friendly personality has a market value in salesmen,
doctors, writers, and teachers; indeed in all occupations where ability
to influence persons is important—and there are few in which it is not.
I notice that if there is anything attractive about a man he soon learns
to collect pay for it. And not less is it true that the need for
righteousness finds expression in a willingness to pay a (reasonable)
price for it in the market-place. Convincing preachers and competent
social workers command salaries, and great sums go to beneficent
institutions.
The truth is that the values we think of as absolute are only, if I may
use the expression, relatively absolute. That is, they so far transcend
the values of every-day traffic that we think of them as belonging to a
wholly different order, but experience shows that they do not. Life
itself is not an absolute value, since we constantly see it sacrificed
to other ends; chastity is sold daily by people not radically different
in nature from the rest of us, and as for honor it would be hard to
imagine a kind which might not, in conceivable situations, be renounced
for some other and perhaps higher aim. The idea of the baseness of
weighing the higher sort of values in the same scale with money rests on
the assumption that the money is to be used to purchase values of a
lower sort; but if it is the indispensable means to still higher values
we shall justify the transaction. Such exchanges are constantly taking
place: only those who are protected by pecuniary affluence can imagine
otherwise. The health of mothers is sacrificed for money to support
their children, and the social opportunities of sisters given up to send
brothers to college. In the well-to-do classes, at least, the life of
possible children is often renounced on grounds of expense.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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