Opposition to the doctrine--Misrepresentations by the opponents of Socialism--Socialists not the creators of the class struggle--Antiquity of class struggles--The theory as stated in the _Communist Manifesto_--Fundamental propositions in the statement--Slavery the first system of class divisions--Class divisions in feudalism--Rise of the capitalist class and its triumph--Inherent antagonism of interests between employer and employee--Commonality of general interests and antagonism of special class interests--Adam Smith on class divisions--Individuals _versus_ classes--Analysis of the class interests of the population of the United States--Class interests as they affect thoughts, opinions, and beliefs--Varying ethical standards of economic classes--Denial of class divisions in America--Our "untitled nobility"--Class divisions real though not legally established--They tend to become fixed and hereditary--Consciousness of class divisions new in America--Transition from class to class becoming more difficult--No hatred of individuals involved in the theory--Socialism _versus_ Anarchism--The labor struggle in the United States--Not due to misunderstandings, but to antagonism of interests--The reason for trade unionism--Trade union methods--Dual exploitation of the workers--Government and the workers--Capitalistic use of police and military--Judicial injunctions--"Taff Vale" law--Political rising of the workers--Triumph of the working class will liberate all mankind and end class rule 151 CHAPTER VII KARL MARX AND THE ECONOMICS OF SOCIALISM First comprehensive statement of the materialist conception of history by Marx--_La Misere de la Philosophie_, a criticism of Proudhon--Marx's first essay in economic science--His frank recognition of the Ricardians--Marx in England becomes familiar with the work of the Ricardians from whom he is accused of "pillaging" his ideas--Criticisms of Menger and others--Marx expelled from Germany and France--Removal to London--The struggle with poverty--Domestic life--_Capital_ an English work in all essentials--The Ricardians and their precursors--Superior method and insight of Marx--The sociological viewpoint in economics--Mr. W. H. Mallock's criticisms of Marx based upon misrepresentation and misstatement--Marx on the Gotha Programme of the German Social Democracy--Marx on the "ability of the directing few"--No ethical deductions in the Marxian theory--"Scientific Socialism," criticisms of the term 201 CHAPTER VIII OUTLINES OF SOCIALIST ECONOMIC THEORY