Produced by Fritz Ohrenschall and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net * * * * * +-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Transcriber's Note: | | | | Inconsistent hyphenation in the original document has | | been preserved. Bold text is represented =like so=. | | Superscripted text is represented like^{so}. | | | Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. For | | a complete list, please see the end of this document. | | | +-----------------------------------------------------------+ * * * * * SOCIALISM AND DEMOCRACY IN EUROPE By SAMUEL P. ORTH, PH.D. _Author of "Five American Politicians" "Centralization of Administration in Ohio," etc._ [Illustration] NEW YORK HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY 1913 COPYRIGHT, 1913 BY HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY Published January, 1913 THE QUINN & BODEN CO. PRESS RAHWAY, N.J. PREFACE It is becoming more and more evident that democracy has served only the first years of its apprenticeship. Political problems have served only to introduce popular government. The economic problems now rushing upon us will bring the real test of democracy. The workingman has taken an advanced place in the struggle for the democratization of industry. He has done so, first, through the organization of labor unions; secondly, through the development of political parties--labor parties. The blend of politics and economics which he affects is loosely called Socialism. The term is as indefinite in meaning as it is potent in influence. It has spread its unctuous doctrines over every industrial land, and its representatives sit in every important parliament, including our Congress. Such a movement requires careful consideration from every point of view. It is the object of this volume to trace briefly the growth of the movement in four leading European countries, and to attempt to determine the relation of economic and political Socialism to democracy--a question of peculiar interest to the friends of the American Republic at this time. In preparing this volume, the author has made extended visits to the countries studied. He has tried to catch the spirit of the movement by personal contact with the Socialist leaders and their antagonists, and by many interviews with laboring men, the rank and file in every country visited. Everywhere he was received with the greatest cordiality, and he wishes here to express his appreciation of these many kindnesses.