5. _Anti-Semitic._--The name discloses the ideals of a party inspired by dread and hatred of an element that comprises less than 1.5 per cent. of the population, and whose political disabilities were not all removed until 1850 in Prussia and 1869 in Mecklenburg. This party was formed in 1880, largely through the agitation of the Court Chaplain, Pastor Stöcker, whose diatribes were peculiarly effective in Berlin, where some very disgraceful scenes were enacted by members of this party. 6. _Independent groups_ are formed by the various nationalities that are under subjection to German dominance. These are the Danish, Hannoverian, Alsace-Lorraine, and Polish groups. They usually are grouped with the Center. 7. There are also a number of independent members in the Reichstag. They adhere loosely to the larger groups, but as a rule merit the name given them--_Wilden_, "wild ones." The accompanying table (p. 297) shows the distribution of seats in the Reichstag, for the past thirty years. 2. SOME MODERN GERMAN ELECTION LAWS _Analysis of the New Election Law of Saxony_ _A._ One vote--every male 25 years of age. _B._ Two votes, every male, as follows: 1. Those who have an annual income of over 1,600 marks ($400). 2. Those who hold public office or a permanent private position with an annual income of over 1,400 marks ($350). 3. Those who are eligible to vote for Landskulturrat (Agricultural Board) or Gewerbskammer (Chamber of Commerce) and from their business have an income of over 1,400 marks. (This includes merchants, landowners, and manufacturers.) 4. Those who are owners or beneficiaries of property in the kingdom from which they have an income of 1,250 marks ($312.50) a year, and upon which at least 100 tax units are assessed. 5. Those who own, or are beneficiaries of, land in the kingdom, to the extent of at least 2 hectares, devoted to agriculture, or forestry, or horticulture, or more than one-half hectare devoted to gardening or wine culture. 6. Those who have conducted such professional studies as entitle them to the one-year volunteer military service. _C._ The following have three votes: 1. Those who have an income of over 2,200 marks ($550). 2. Those in division B, 2 and 3, who have an income from office or position of over 1,900 marks ($475). 3. Those who are not in private or public service and have a professional income of over 1,900 marks. (This includes lawyers, physicians, artists, engineers, publicists, authors, professors.) 4. Those in B, 4, whose income is over 1,600 marks ($400). 5. Those in B, 5, with 4 hectares devoted to agriculture, etc., and 1 hectare to gardening or wine culture. _D._ The following have four votes: