[2] See ENGELS, Introduction to MARX'S _Enthüllungen über den Kommunisten Process zu Köln_. [3] Joint-preface of edition of 1872. [4] _Ibid._ [5] See "Address of the General Council of the Workingmen's Association on the Civil War in France." [6] Many of the original documents, and extensive excerpts from others are given in DR. EUGEN JÄGER'S _Der Moderne Socialismus_, Berlin, 1873, and in DR. R. MEYER'S _Der Emancipations-Kampf des Vierten Standes_, 2nd edition, Vol. I, Berlin, 1882. Both of these works give a fairly detailed account of the development of the International and of its annual meetings. [7] See _Ein Complot gegen die International Arbeiter Association_, a compilation of documents and descriptions of Bakunin's organization. The work was first issued in French and translated into German by S. Koksky. [8] The Possibilists declared for an eight-hour day; a day of rest each week; abolition of night work; abolition of work for women and children; special protection for children 14-18 years of age; workshop inspectors elected by the workmen; equal wages for foreign and domestic labor; a fixed minimum wage; compulsory education; repeal of the laws against the International. The Marxian program included: an eight-hour day; children under 14 years forbidden to work, and work confined to six hours a day for youth 14-18 years of age, except in certain cases; prohibition of work for women dangerous to their health; 36 hours of continuous rest each week; abolition of "payment in kind"; abolition of employment bureaus; inspectors of workshops to be selected by workmen; equal pay for both sexes; absolute liberty of association. For the first meeting of the "New International," see WEIL, _Histoire Internationale de France_, pp. 262 et seq. [9] See Appendix, p. 340. for list of countries that maintain Socialist organizations and the political strength of same. CHAPTER V THE SOCIALIST PARTY OF FRANCE I The Commune abruptly put an end to Socialism in France. The caldron boiled over and put out the fire. Thiers, in his last official message as president, claimed that Socialism, living and thriving in Germany, was absolutely dead in France. It was, however, to be revived in a newer and more vital form. The exiled communards, in England and elsewhere, came in contact with Marxianism, and in 1880, when a general amnesty was declared, they brought to Paris a new and virile propaganda. The leader of the new Marxian movement was Jules Guesde, a tireless zealot, burning with the fire that kindles enthusiasm.