CHAPTER I. THE CAPITALIST REFORM PROGRAM 1 II. THE NEW CAPITALISM 16 III. THE POLITICS OF THE NEW CAPITALISM 32 IV. "STATE SOCIALISM" AND LABOR 46 V. COMPULSORY ARBITRATION 66 VI. AGRARIAN "STATE SOCIALISM" IN AUSTRALASIA 85 VII. "EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY" 97 VIII. THE "FIRST STEP" TOWARDS SOCIALISM 108 PART II THE POLITICS OF SOCIALISM I. "STATE SOCIALISM" WITHIN THE MOVEMENT 117 II. "REFORMISM" IN FRANCE, ITALY, AND BELGIUM 131 III. "LABORISM" IN GREAT BRITAIN 146 IV. "REFORMISM" IN THE UNITED STATES 175 V. REFORM BY MENACE OF REVOLUTION 210 VI. REVOLUTIONARY POLITICS 231 VII. THE REVOLUTIONARY TREND 248 PART III SOCIALISM IN ACTION I. SOCIALISM AND THE "CLASS STRUGGLE" 276 II. THE AGRICULTURAL CLASSES AND THE LAND QUESTION 300 III. SOCIALISM AND THE "WORKING CLASS" 324 IV. SOCIALISM AND LABOR UNIONS 334 V. SYNDICALISM; SOCIALISM THROUGH DIRECT ACTION OF LABOR UNIONS 354 VI. THE "GENERAL STRIKE" 387 VII. REVOLUTION IN DEFENSE OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT 401 VIII. POLITICAL AND SOCIAL REVOLUTION 416 IX. THE TRANSITION TO SOCIALISM 426 NOTES 437 INDEX 447 INTRODUCTION The only possible definition of Socialism is the Socialist movement. Karl Marx wrote in 1875 at the time of the Gotha Convention, where the present German party was founded, that "every step of the real movement is of more importance than a dozen programs," while Wilhelm Liebknecht said, "Marx is dear to me, but the party is dearer."[1] What was this movement that the great theorist put above theory and his leading disciple valued above his master?