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Soils, their formation, properties, composition, and relations to climate and plant growth in the humid and arid regionsHilgard, Eugene W. (Eugene Woldemar)

Science

Soils, their formation, properties, composition, and relations to climate and plant growth in the humid and arid regions

Name: Soils, their formation, properties, composition, and relations to climate and plant growth in the humid and arid regions
Author: Hilgard, Eugene W. (Eugene Woldemar)

Hilgard, Eugene W. (Eugene Woldemar)

Soils

CHAPTER XI.
    THE WATER OF SOILS. HYGROSCOPIC AND CAPILLARY MOISTURE,
        188.—General Properties, 188.—Physical Factors
        of Water compared with other Substances. Table,
        188.—Capillarity or Surface Tension, 189.—Heat Relations,
        190.—Density, 190.—Specific Heat and its Effects,
        190. Ice, 191.—Vaporization, 191.—Solvent Power,
        191.—Water-requirements of Growing Plants, 192.—Evaporation
        from Plants in Different Climates, 192.—Relations between
        Evaporation and Plant Growth. Table, 193.—Fortier’s
        Experiments. Figure, 194.—Different Conditions of
        Soil Water, 196.—_Hygroscopic Water in Soils; Table_,
        196.—Influence of Temperature and Air-Saturation,
        197.—Utility of Hygroscopic Water to Plant Growth,
        199.—Mayer’s Experiments, 200.—Summary, 200.—_Capillary
        Water_, 201.—Ascent of Water in Soil-Columns. Table,
        202.—Ascent in Uniform Sediments. Figure, 204.—Maximum and
        Minimum Water-holding Power, 207.—Capillary Water held at
        different Heights in a Soil Column. Table, 208.—Capillary
        Action in Moist Soils, 210.—Proportion of Soil Moisture
        Available to Plants, 211.—Moisture Requirements of Crops in
        the Arid Region, 211.—Tables of Observations in California,
        214.

                             CHAPTER XII.
     SURFACE, HYDROSTATIC AND GROUND WATER. PERCOLATION,
        215.—Amount of Rainfall, 215.—Natural Disposition of Rain
        Water, 216.—The Surface Runoff, 216.—Washing-away and
        Gullying in the Cotton States, 217.—Injury in the Arid
        Regions, 219.—Deforestation, 219.—Prevention of Injury to
        Cultivated Lands from Excessive Runoff, 220.— _Absorption
        and Movements of Water in Soils_, 221.—Determination of
        Rate of Percolation. Diagram, 221.—Summary, 224.—Influence
        of Variety of Grain-sizes, 224.—Table of King’s
        Experiments, 224.—Percolation in Natural Soils. Figure,
        225.—Ground or Bottom Water, 227.—Lysimeters, Surface of
        Ground Water; Variations, 227.—Depth of Ground Water most
        Favorable to Crops, 228.—Moisture Supplied by Tap Roots,
        229.—Reserve of Capillary Water, 229.—Injurious Rise of
        Bottom Water from Irrigation, 230.—Consequences of the
        Swamping of Irrigated Lands; Prevention, 231.—Permanent
        Injury to certain Lands, 231.—Reduction of Sulfates,
        232.—Ferruginous or Red Lands, 233.

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Soils, their formation, properties, composition, and relations to climate and plant growth in the humid and arid regions

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