Browne, T., 14, 47, 95 Brownlee, J., 33 Buffon, 17 Butler, Samuel, 35 Calcification, of arteries, 106–107 of cartilage, 100 Calendar, length of, in the patriarchal era, 15 California, centenarians in, 41 Cambridge University, influence of John Haviland on the study of medicine, 6 Cameron, C., 95 Campbell, H., 65 Cancer. _See_ Carcinoma Carcinoma, 141 age and sex incidence of, 86, 140 and senescence, 86–89 rarity of, in extreme old age, 87 Cardio-vascular system, 36–38, 103–108, 124, 133, 149 Carlisle, Anthony, 8 Carrel, A., 65, 66, 127 Cartilages, calcification of, 100 Castration, phenomena of old age and, 79 secondary sex-characters following, 79 Cazalis, 107 Cell-memory, 35 longevity in relation to, 35 Cells, 62 activity of, relation to connective tissues, 68, 88, 89, 92 ageing of, 67, 88 carcinoma in relation to, 86–89 causes and significance of, 67 senility in relation to, 86, 88 changes in, infections causing, 43, 44 changes in old age, 64 colloidal changes in, 64, 68 cultivation of, 66 degeneration of, 62, 92, 135 intestinal bacteria causing, 82, 83 infections and intoxications producing changes in, 44 life cycle of, 63, 65, 88, 89 factors influencing, 65 on what dependent, 68 thyroid deficiency influencing, 72 limited vitality of, 62 sequels of, 64 products inimical to life of, 65 senile changes due to injury to, 30, 31, 67 time-rate of, 36 vital phenomena of, 63, 88, 89 Census returns, 41, 43 Centenarianism, 19 heredity in relation to, 19 Centenarians, 20, 33, 34 age exaggeration by, 20, 21 among Churchmen, 50 among doctors, 52 among professional men, 50 census returns of, 20, 21 family incidence of, 32, 33 in California, statistics, 41 in England and Wales, statistics, 40, 41 in Ireland, statistics, 40 medical, 52 personal habits of, 56, 57 rarity of cancer among, 87 sex statistics of, 21, 22 smoking among, 58 statistics of, 21, 24 deaths among, 21, 22, 41 Cerebral arteries, changes in, 97 Cerebral degeneration, 97 Cerebral haemorrhage, 145 age incidence of, 145 Cerebral thrombosis, 145 Chaderton, Laurence, centenarian, 51 Charcot, J. M., 8, 104, 116, 139, 148 Cheatle, G. L., 93 Chest capacity, diminished, 103 Cheyne, G., 55 Child, C. M., 10, 14, 56 “Childhood, second,” 122, 145 Chromophages, 94 Chromosomes, 88 Churchmen, centenarians among, 50 Cicero, 135 Circulatory system, 38 Clark, Andrew, 29, 60, 137 Clarke, E., 85, 98 Clarke, J. M., 145 Climacteric, ancient conceptions of, 27 senile, 30 Climacteric disease, 28 Climate, influence on longevity, 26, 39 Coke, Sir Edward, octogenarian, 51 Colloidal dehydration, leading to old age, 64, 65