The best history of Alsace is R. Reuss, _Histoire d’Alsace_ (11th edition, Paris, 1916). There is no analogous work for Lorraine; see C. Pfister, _La Lorraine, le Barrois, et les Trois Evêchés_ (Paris, 1912). A good recent book in German is lacking; see Lorenz and Scherer, _Geschichte des Elsass_ (Berlin, 1886). For the seventeenth century, see R. Reuss, _L’Alsace au xviiᵉ siècle_ (Paris, 1897-98). On the cession of 1871, see G. May, _Le traité de Francfort_ (Paris, 1909); and for the fixing of the frontier, A. Laussedat, _La délimitation de la frontière franco-allemande_ (Paris, 1901), with facsimile of the original map showing the changes between the preliminaries of Versailles and the final treaty. There is a vast literature of the period since 1871 and the ‘question’ in all its aspects. Convenient accounts in English are B. Cerf, _Alsace-Lorraine since 1870_ (New York, 1919); C. D. Hazen, _Alsace-Lorraine under German Rule_ (New York, 1917); C. Phillipson, _Alsace-Lorraine_ (London, 1918); and E. A. Vizetelly, _The True Story of Alsace-Lorraine_ (London, 1918). Examples of the literature are: H. and A. Lichtenberger, _La question d’Alsace-Lorraine_ (Paris, 1915), by two fair-minded Frenchmen of Alsatian origin; the various books of the Alsatian nationalist, Abbé E. Wetterlé; S. Grumbach, _Das Schicksal Elsass-Lothringens_ (Neuchâtel, 1915), by an Alsatian Socialist; D. Schäfer, _Das Reichsland_ (Berlin, 1915), Pan-German; H. Wendel, _Elsass-Lothringen und die Sozial-Demokratie_ (Berlin, 1916), Social Democrat; H. Ruland, _Deutschtum und Franzosentum in Elsass-Lothringen_ (Colmar, 1908); E. Florent-Matter, _Les Alsaciens-Lorrains contre l’Allemagne_ (Paris, 1918). The brilliant statement of the French case in the letter of Fustel de Coulanges to Mommsen (now in his _Questions historiques_, Paris, 1893, pp. 505-512) has lost none of its point with time. A. Schulte, _Frankreich und das linke Rheinufer_ (Stuttgart, 1918), is an historical polemic against French claims. A good manual of the government under German rule is O. Fischbach, _Das öffentliche Recht des Reichslandes_ (Tübingen, 1914). The human geography of the whole region is admirably discussed in P. Vidal de la Blache, _La France de l’Est_ (Paris, 1917). There is a good general article by L. Gallois in the _Geographical Review_, vi, pp. 89-115 (1918). There are excellent discussions of resources, as well as of frontiers, by eminent geographers and historians in the first volume of the _Travaux du Comité d’Etudes: L’Alsace-Lorraine et la frontière du Nord-est_ (Paris, 1918).