Some religious and moral teachings of Al-Ghazzali : $b Being brief extracts from his Ihya-u-Ulum-id-dinGhazzali
Islamic
Some religious and moral teachings of Al-Ghazzali : $b Being brief extracts from his Ihya-u-Ulum-id-din
Ghazzali
Islamic ethics -- Early works to 1800
Though man shares with the other animals external and internal senses, he
is at the same time also endowed with two qualities peculiar to himself,
knowledge and will. By knowledge is meant the power of generalisation,
the conception of abstract ideas, and the possession of intellectual
truths. By will is meant that strong desire to acquire an object which
after due consideration of its consequences has been pronounced by reason
to be good. It is quite different from animal desire, nay, it is often
the very opposite of it.
In the beginning children also lack these two qualities. They have
passion, anger, and all the external and internal senses, but will
finds its expression only later. Knowledge differs according to the
capacity for it, according to the latent powers in a man. Hence there
is a variety of stages amongst Prophets,[13] the Ulamas, the Sufis and
the Philosophers. Further progress is possible even beyond these stages,
for divine knowledge knows no bounds. The highest stage is reached by
one to whom all truths and realities are revealed intuitively, who by
virtue of his exalted position enjoys direct communion and close relation
with the Most Holy. The real nature of this position is known only to
him who enjoys it. We verify it by faith. A child has no knowledge of
the attainments of an adult; an adult is not aware of the acquisitions
of a learned man. Similarly, a learned man is not cogniscant of the
holy communion of the saints and the prophets, and of the favours
bestowed on them. Although the divine blessings descend freely, those
are fit recipients of them, whose hearts are pure and wholly devoted to
Him. “Verily,” says the Hadis, “the desire of the virtuous is to hold
communion with me, and I long to look at them”. “He who approaches me a
span, I approach him an arm”.[14] The divine favours are not withheld,
but hearts bedimmed by impurity fail to receive them. “Had it not been
that the devils hover round the hearts of men, they would have seen the
glories of the Kingdom of the Heaven”.[15]
The superiority of man consists thus in his being cogniscant of divine
attributes and actions. Therein lies his perfection; thus he may be
worthy of admission to God’s presence.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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