Some religious and moral teachings of Al-Ghazzali : $b Being brief extracts from his Ihya-u-Ulum-id-dinGhazzali
Islamic
Some religious and moral teachings of Al-Ghazzali : $b Being brief extracts from his Ihya-u-Ulum-id-din
Ghazzali
Islamic ethics -- Early works to 1800
The question may be asked: If God is the ultimate cause why should there
be a causal connection in the orderly succession of events? The answer
to this lies in the correct understanding of the nature of causation.
Nothing causes anything. Antecedents have consequents.[20] God alone is
the efficient cause, but the ignorant have misunderstood and misapplied
the word _power_. As to the orderly succession of events, let it be
understood that the two events are conjoined like the relation between
the condition and the conditioned. Now certain conditions are very
apparent and can be known easily by people of little understanding, but
there are conditions which are understood only by those who see through
the light of intuition: hence the common error of miscalculating the
uniformity of events. There is a divine purpose linking the antecedents
to the consequents and manifesting itself in the existing orderly
succession of events, without the least break or irregularity. “Verily”,
says the Quran. “We did not create the heavens and the earth and what is
between them in sport. We did not create them both but with truth, but
most of them do not know”.[21]
Surely, there is a set purpose pervading the universe. The uniform
succession of events is not at random. There is no such thing as chance.
Here again it may be asked: If God is the efficient cause, how will
you account for actions attributed to man in the scriptures? Are we to
believe that there are two causes for one effect? My answer to this will
be that the word cause is vaguely understood. It can be used in two
different senses. Just as we say that the death of A was caused by (1)
B. the executioner, and (2) C the king’s order. Both these statements
are correct. Similarly God is the cause of actions as He has creative
power and efficiency. At the same time man is the cause of actions as he
is the source of the manifestation of uniform succession of events. In
the former case we have a real causal connection, while in the latter
a relation of the antecedent to the consequent after the manner of the
connection between the condition and the conditioned. There are passages
in the Quran where the word cause is used in different senses.
“The angel of death who is given charge of you shall cause you to die:
then to your Lord you shall be brought back”.[22] “Allah takes the souls
at the time of their death”.[23]
“Have you considered what you sow?”[24] “We pour down the water, pouring
it down in abundance. Then we cleave the earth; cleaving it asunder. Then
we cause to grow therein the grain”.[25]
“Fight them: Allah will chastise them by your hands and bring them to
disgrace”.[26] “So you did not slay them, but it was Allah who slew
them, and thou didst not smite when thou didst smite, but it was Allah
who smote, that he might confer upon the believers a good gift from
himself”.[27]
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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