From the accompanying list and classification of the works of Ghazzali, it will be seen that he was a writer on all sides of the theory and practice of his religion. He was an authority on canon law and jurisprudence, and a commentator of the Quran. He examined the positions of the Scholastic theologians, and found that they depended entirely on the acceptance of their initial dogmatic assumptions. The disputes of the Scholastics amongst themselves appeared to have little or no relation with religious life, rather if anything they were a hindrance to true religion. And in face of the philosophers the Scholastic theologians were almost helpless. But the books which exerted the greatest influence both within and beyond Muslim circles, and the books that still retain their interest today are the Maqasid ul Falasafa (The Aim or Goal of the Philosophers) the Tahafat ul Falasafa (the Refutation of the Philosophers) and the Ihya-u-Ulum-id-Din (The Renovation of the Sciences of Religion.) In the first of these he gives an account of the different philosophical positions which were more or less prevalent. In the second he critically examines those positions. In the third he gives a general survey with a constructive purpose chiefly moral and religious. It is due to this last work more than all others that Ghazzali has been called “The Regenerator of Religion”, “The Proof of Islam”. The _Ihya_ “expounds theology and ethics from the moderate Sufi school”. Though it was committed to the flames, chiefly in Spain, probably by those holding opinions which Ghazzali had bitterly attacked, it soon established its position in the Muslim world, in which it has been widely studied up to today. From it the passages translated in this book are taken. The following table of contents will show the range of the subjects with which it deals. THE RENOVATION OF THE SCIENCES OF RELIGION. PART I. 1. On Knowledge. Articles of Faith. 2. On Purification. 3. Prayer and Its Meaning. 4. Zakat and Its Meaning. 5. Fasting and Its Meaning. 6. Pilgrimage and Its Meaning. 7. The Reading of the Quran. 8. Varieties of Orisons. 9. The Order of Praying, and Vigils. PART II. 1. On Eating. 2. On Marriage. 3. On Business. 4. The Lawful and the Unlawful. 5. Social Relations and Etiquette. 6. On Retirement. 7. On Travel. 8. On Music. 9. On Enforcing Good and Checking Evil. 10. Good Living: Description of the Prophet’s Mode of Living. PART III. 1. Psychological Description of the Nature of Man. 2. On Virtues and the Purification of the Heart. 3. On Appetite and Passion. 4. On the Tongue: Its Goods and Evils. 5. On Anger: Enmity and Envy. 6. The Evils of the World. 7. Parsimony and the Evils of the Love of Wealth. 8. On the Evils of Reputation and Hypocrisy. 9. Pride and Vanity. 10. Self-deception. PART IV.