In the process of making muscavado sugar in Jamaica, the cane juice after being brought to boiling point in an open kettle is transferred into a second kettle, where it is treated and the heavy impurities allowed to settle. The clear juice then goes into copper walls, a series of three or more large open copper pans, called teaches. These pans rest above an open fire fed by bagasse, cane trash and wood. After the juice has been boiled to a certain density in the first pan it is transferred to the second and the final concentration takes place in the third or fourth, as the case may be. In some mills the last boiling is done with steam in what is called an Aspinall pan, instead of over an open fire. When the mass becomes sufficiently thick, it is put into large tanks and left to crystallize. Sometimes it is kept in motion during crystallization, but usually no stirring whatever is done. Crystallization completed, the mass is packed in hogsheads with perforated bottoms. These hogsheads are allowed to stand over drainage troughs for two or three weeks so that the molasses may run off. The holes are then plugged up and the sugar is ready to be shipped. The percentage of sugar, glucose and water in Jamaica muscavados is approximately: No. 1 Sucrose 88.6 Glucose 5.30 Water 3.42 2 86.2 4.40 3.72 3 83.9 5.92 4.66 4 83.0 6.98 3.84 Management is slipshod and the extraction is poor. It takes fifteen tons of cane and sometimes more to produce a ton of sugar. As for the future of the sugar industry in Jamaica, much in the way of improvement could be done by the introduction of systematic management, proper cultivation, adequate fertilization and scientific methods of manufacture. Labor is plentiful and cheap, and it would seem that sugar could be produced in Jamaica at as low cost as in Cuba. Thus far, however, there have been no signs of a real awakening. As regards production, the following figures are taken from Willett & Gray: 1903-04 crop 14,255 tons 1904-05 ” 16,000 ” 1905-06 ” 18,000 ” 1906-07 exports 13,971 ” 1907-08 ” 10,718 ” 1908-09 ” 11,453 ” 1909-10 ” 12,000 ” 1910-11 ” 19,960 ” 1911-12 ” 21,835 ” 1912-13 ” 8,728 ” 1913-14 ” 15,583 ” 1914-15 ” 15,063 ” 1915-16 ” 15,000[68] tons BARBADOS