REFINING OF RAW SUGAR 44 WASHING 50 MELTING 54 DEFECATION 54 BONE-CHAR FILTRATION 59 CRYSTALLIZATION 65 PARTIAL DRYING 69 FINAL DRYING OF CRYSTALS 69 SCREENING 71 PACKING 73 CUBE SUGAR 77 POWDERED AND BAR SUGAR 79 YELLOW SUGARS 81 MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT 84 LABORATORY 87 COST OF REFINING 88 SHIPPING DEPARTMENT 91 MARKETING 93 BEET SUGAR 100 THE SUGAR BEET 102 SELECTION OF THE SOIL 103 PLANTING 104 THINNING 106 CULTIVATION 107 HARVESTING AND TOPPING 107 MANUFACTURE OF BEET SUGAR 110 TRANSPORTATION AND CLEANING 110 EXTRACTION OF JUICE, SLICING AND DIFFUSION 111 PURIFICATION OF JUICE, CARBONATION AND FILTRATION 112 CONCENTRATION OF JUICE 113 SULFITATION 114 FORMATION OF GRAIN 115 STEFFEN PROCESS 115 PART II _History of the Industry_ EARLY HISTORY 119 BEET SUGAR IN EUROPE 128 BEET SUGAR IN THE UNITED STATES 148 TERRITORY OF HAWAII 163 LOUISIANA 175 PORTO RICO 182 THE PHILIPPINES 189 CUBA 201 JAMAICA 213 BARBADOS 220 TRINIDAD 224 SANTO DOMINGO 227