XXI. MODERN BRAZIL 220 XXII. THE INDEPENDENCE OF SPANISH AMERICA 228 XXIII. THE REPUBLIC OF PERU 237 XXIV. THE REPUBLIC OF PARAGUAY 245 XXV. THE PARAGUAYAN WAR 255 XXVI. THE REPUBLIC OF CHILE 264 XXVII. THE REPUBLICS OF THE RIVER PLATE 272 XXVIII. THE NORTHERN REPUBLICS 283 INDEX 295 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PRINTED SEPARATELY FROM THE TEXT. CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS _Frontispiece_ TO FACE PAGE MANCO-CAPAC COLLECTING HIS PEOPLE FOR THE WORK OF BUILDING THE CITY OF CUZCO 5 DIEGO DE ALMAGRO 12 JORGE CABRAL 16 COLUMBUS LANDING IN AMERICA 37 VASCO DA GAMA 44 THE DEFEAT OF THE PERUVIANS OUTSIDE CUZCO 49 PIZARRO AND ATAHUALPA 53 DEATH OF ATAHUALPA 60 ATAHUALPA 65 SUGAR-MAKING 69 BARTOLOME DE LAS CASAS 76 FRANCISCO PIZARRO 80 SECTIONS OF A SLAVE-SHIP 85 OLINDA DE PERNAMBUCO 92 FERDINAND MAGELLAN 101 DUTCH VESSELS SAILING THROUGH THE STRAITS OF MAGELLAN 108 DUTCH AND SPANISH VESSELS ENGAGED OFF CALLAO 116 ACAPULCO 125 AN ISLAND PASSAGE OF THE RIVER AMAZON 144 POTOSI 149 BRITISH WARSHIPS UNDER ANSON'S COMMAND PLUNDERING PAYTA 156 SIMON BOLIVAR 164 DON FRANCISCO SOLANO LOPEZ 173 PEDRO I., EMPEROR OF BRAZIL 193 THE OPENING OF THE SENATE HOUSE, RIO DE JANEIRO 196 PALACE AND GREAT SQUARE IN RIO DE JANEIRO 205 PEDRO II., EMPEROR OF BRAZIL 208 THOMAS, TENTH EARL OF DUNDONALD, G.C.B. 261 BERNARDO O'HIGGINS 268 STATUE OF GENERAL MANUEL BELGRANO 277 BRIGADIER-GENERAL BARTOLOME MITRE 284 PRINTED IN THE TEXT. PAGE