RAFAEL SHAW. CONTENTS CHAP. PAGE INTRODUCTION 13 I. RACIAL AND CLASS DISTINCTIONS 23 II. THE RELIGION OF THE PEOPLE 39 III. MORALITY AND CEREMONIAL 61 IV. THE CONFESSIONAL, AND CHURCH ABUSES 73 V. THE POOR AND THE RELIGIOUS ORDERS 89 VI. THE MONARCHY AND THE PEOPLE 111 VII. THE REVIVAL OF CARLISM 133 VIII. THE CHURCH MILITANT 159 IX. BARCELONA AND THE LAY SCHOOLS 181 X. THE ARMY, PAST AND PRESENT 199 XI. THE POLICE 215 XII. POLITICS 227 XIII. POLITICAL PARTIES 251 XIV. EDUCATION 263 XV. TAXATION 285 XVI. THE PROCESS OF REGENERATION 303 APPENDIX. NOTES ON POLITICIANS AND PERIODICALS 319 INDEX 325 ILLUSTRATIONS KING ALFONSO XIII. IN HIS STUDY IN MADRID _Frontispiece_ FACING PAGE FACTORY GIRLS 14 PEASANT WOMEN 39 NEWSPAPER SELLERS AT THE OFFICES OF THE _NUEVO MUNDO_ IN MADRID 61 THE QUEEN AND THE QUEEN-MOTHER OF SPAIN 111 SEÑOR MAURA, LEADER OF THE ULTRAMONTANES 149 DON JAIME OF BOURBON IN MOROCCO 153 A DEMONSTRATION OF REJOICING AT THE FALL OF THE ULTRAMONTANE MINISTRY 174 A CONSCRIPT 199 THE WAR IN MELILLA. A FORT ON MOUNT GURUGU 203 A RESERVIST AT THE FRONT 208 DON SEGISMUNDO MORET, LEADER OF THE LIBERAL-MONARCHISTS 227 SEÑOR CANALEJAS, LEADER OF THE LIBERAL DEMOCRATS, AND GENERAL MARINA, COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF AT MELILLA 244 A STREET HAWKER DESCRIBING BATTLE SCENES TO AN ILLITERATE AUDIENCE 263