ENGLISH EXPEDITIONS TO LA PLATA, UNDER BERESFORD, AUCHMUTY, AND WHITELOCKE: 1806-1807 271 APPENDIX 295 SOUTH AMERICA. Book II. CHAPTER I. _BRAZIL; THE DUTCH WAR._ 1623-1637. The appearance of the Dutch as actors on the Brazilian stage arose, as might be expected, from the connection of the Low Countries with Spain and from that of Spain with Portugal. Their success in attacking the sources of their enemy’s supplies in the East led to the establishment of a West Indian Company, the chief object of which was to make conquests in _Brazil_. A fleet was fitted out under the command of Willekens, who had under him the celebrated Peter Heyne. The religious intolerance from which the Dutch had themselves so terribly suffered at the hands of their Spanish rulers had taught them to be tolerant in such matters towards others, and to this circumstance they were now indebted for much valuable information respecting _Brazil_, which they received from the Jews who had taken refuge amongst them. The Dutch fleet sailed at the close of 1623, and when they had crossed the line, the commander found that his sealed instructions directed him to attack _S. Salvador_. A storm, however, interrupted this programme; and Willekens, on reaching the neighbourhood of _Bahia_, was compelled to delay for some days, awaiting his comrades. On the news of his approach being communicated to the governor, it was received at first with Brazilian apathy, which, however, was succeeded by alarm on his strength being correctly reported. The colonial forces were mustered for the defence of their possessions; but, as no immediate attack was made, alarm in time again gave way to apathy, and the colonists dispersed to attend to their individual concerns. When Willekens had collected his fleet, he found _S. Salvador_ undefended; and on the following day he took possession of the place without opposition. In this easy manner the Dutch, without having had to strike a blow, became masters of the capital of _Brazil_.