CHAPTER VI THE COURT 97 CHAPTER VII POPULAR AMUSEMENTS 111 CHAPTER VIII THE PRESS AND ITS LEADERS 129 CHAPTER IX POLITICAL GOVERNMENT 142 CHAPTER X COMMERCE AND AGRICULTURE 156 CHAPTER XI THE ARMY AND NAVY 183 CHAPTER XII RELIGIOUS LIFE 198 CHAPTER XIII EDUCATION AND THE PRIESTHOOD 213 CHAPTER XIV PHILANTHROPY--POSITION OF WOMEN--MARRIAGE CUSTOMS 226 CHAPTER XV MUSIC, ART, AND THE DRAMA 236 CHAPTER XVI MODERN LITERATURE 246 CHAPTER XVII THE FUTURE OF SPAIN 260 _PORTUGUESE LIFE_ CHAPTER XVIII LAND AND PEOPLE 277 CHAPTER XIX PORTUGUESE INSTITUTIONS 298 INDEX 315 ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE "IN CHURCH." SHOWING THE MANTILLA AND VELO _Frontispiece_ PEASANTS 2 A CORNER IN OLD MADRID 8 SEVILLE CIGARRERA 20 PEASANTS 20 VALENCIANOS 26 THE WATER TRIBUNAL IN VALENCIA. SHOWING VALENCIAN COSTUMES 34 PAST WORK 50 KNIFE-GRINDER 50 OUTSIDE THE PLAZA DE TOROS, MADRID 78 BUEYES RESTING 94 IN THE WOODS AT LA GRANJA 104 PLAZA DE TOROS. PICADOR CAUGHT BY THE BULL 120 PLAZA DE TOROS. THE PROCESSION 124 DRAGGING OUT THE DEAD BULL 126 THE ESCURIAL 140 A WEDDING PARTY IN ESTREMADURA 170 A COUNTRY CABIN IN GALICIA 292 SPANISH LIFE IN TOWN AND COUNTRY CHAPTER I LAND AND PEOPLE