Next, by the aid of a good dissecting microscope, fifteen to thirty power, the frequency of the occurrence of the coarse particles, after a little experience, will not be difficult to sort out, and the presence of sand or a notable excess of P. D. may be detected and estimated. Backgrounds of white and black with reflected light and afterwards transmitted light may be used in the manner so conveniently afforded by Zeiss’s stand made for this purpose. A portion of the powdered pepper or the separated coarse particles should also be treated with a chloral-hydrate solution for twenty-four hours, to render it more transparent for examination with higher powers, and in the meantime a part of the coarse particles collected from the sieve may be examined under a one and one-half inch objective and then crushed and re-examined, using both plain and polarized light. In this way husky matter may be distinguished and foreign starches rejected. Polarized light is then the means of bringing out more plainly the starches, the proportion of which iodine will reveal. Due allowance should be made for the smaller granules of pepper starch and all optically active tissue, such as the fibers and sclerenchyma or stone cells, which are found in olive stones and cocoanut shells. The chloral-hydrate preparation should now be examined, much of which disappears, and the starch is found much swollen. The structure of the pepper itself has already been explained and is supposed to be so well understood that it cannot be confused with the foreign matter, as the husky matter present is rendered so much clearer that its identification and differentiation are much easier. Experience with half a dozen samples of cheap, in comparison with a pure, pepper will soon teach one the best means of making out what has been briefly described. It has been found most valuable to digest about a gram of pepper with nitric acid, specific gravity 1.1, and chlorate of potash for several hours, or until the color is bleached, when it is then possible to distinguish the denser cellular structure more easily than in any other way. This is particularly true of the stone cells, which make up the larger part of the cocoanut shells and ground olive stones, especially when polarized light is used. Care should be taken not to confuse the stone cells of the pepper husk with those of olive stones or other adulterants. Charcoal at the same time remains unbleached. The analyst will find many variations in the samples met with and should always be on guard for something new.