The schoolmaster is the person who builds up the intelligence of the pupil; the intelligence of the pupil increases in direct proportion to the efforts of the teacher; in other words, he knows just what the master has made him know and understands neither more nor less than the master has made him understand. When an inspector visits a school and questions the pupils he turns to the master, and if he is satisfied says: "Well done, teacher!" For the result is indubitably the work of the master; the discipline by which he has fixed the attention of his pupils, even to the psychical mechanism which has guided him in his teaching, all is due to him. God enters the school as a symbol in the crucifix, but the creator is the teacher. A good deal of help is given to teachers in their superhuman task. There is a kind of division of labor, by virtue of which more advanced experts prepare the schemata of instruction; basing them upon psychology, if the teaching is on a scientific plan, or on the principles laid down by one of the great pedagogists such as Herbart, for example; moreover, the sciences, such as hygiene and experimental psychology, are further invoked to overcome many practical difficulties and to help in the arrangement of schoolrooms, the drawing up of the curriculum, time-tables, etc. Here, for instance, are notes for lessons on a psychological basis, that is to say, lessons which take account of the proper _order of succession_ in which the psychical activities should develop in the mind of the child; by exercises of this kind, the pupil will not only learn, but will develop his intelligence in accordance with the laws governing its formation. [2] [Footnote 2: These two examples are taken from the well-known review, _I Diritti della Scuola_, Year xiv.] OBJECT LESSON A Candle: _Education of the sensory and perceptive faculties_. _Sight_.--White, solid. _Touch_.--Greasy, smooth. _Nomenclature_.--Parts of the candle: wick, surface, extremity, edges, upper part, lower part, middle part. The candles we use are made of _wax_ mixed with _stearine_. Stearine is made of the fat of oxen and sheep and pigs. Hence they are called stearine candles. There are also _wax_ candles. These are yellowish and less greasy. Wax is produced by bees. There are also tallow candles; these are very greasy and have a disgreeable smell when burning. _Memory_.--Have you ever seen a candle-factory? Have you ever seen a bee-hive? Of what are the cells of the honeycomb made? When do you light a candle? Have you ever carried a lighted candle carelessly? Did not this cause a disaster? _Imagination_.--Draw the outline of a candle on the blackboard. _Comparison, association, abstraction_.--Similarity and difference in candles of stearine, wax, and tallow. _Judgment and reasoning_.--Are candles useful? Were they more useful formerly, or now that we have gas and electric light?