STAMMERING AND STUTTERING The Causes, Peculiarities, Tendencies and Effects CHAPTER I SPEECH DISORDERS DEFINED In the diagnosis of speech disorders, there are almost as many different forms of defective utterance as there are cases, all of which forms, however, divide themselves into a few basic types. These various disorders might be broadly classified into three classes: (1)--Those resulting from carelessness in learning to speak; (2)--Those which are of distinct mental form; and (3)--Those caused by a physical deformity in the organs of speech themselves. Regardless of under which of these three heads a speech disorder may come, it is commonly spoken of by the laymen as a "speech impediment" or "a stoppage in speech" notwithstanding the fact that the characteristics of the various disorders are quite dissimilar. In certain of the disorders, (a)--There is an inability to release a word; in others, (b)--A tendency to repeat a syllable several times before the following syllable can be uttered; in others, (c)--The tendency to substitute an incorrect sound for the correct one; while in others, (d)--The utterance is defective merely in the imperfect enunciation of sounds and syllables due to some organic defect, or to carelessness in learning to speak. While this volume has but little to do with speech disorders other than stammering and stuttering, the characteristics of the more common forms of speech impediment--lisping, cluttering and hesitation, as well as stuttering and stammering--will be discussed in this first chapter, in order that the reader may be able, in a general way at least, to differentiate between the various disorders. LISPING This is a very common form of speech disorder and one which manifests itself early in the life of the child. Lisping may be divided into three forms: (1)--Negligent Lisping (2)--Neurotic Lisping (3)--Organic Lisping NEGLIGENT LISPING: This is a form of defective enunciation caused in most cases by parental neglect or the carelessness of the child himself in the pronunciation of words during the first few months of talking. This defective pronunciation in Negligent Lisping is caused either by a FAILURE or an INABILITY to observe others who speak correctly. We learn to speak by imitation, and failing to observe the correct method of speaking in others, we naturally fail to speak correctly ourselves. In Negligent Lisping, this inability properly to imitate correct speech processes, results in the substitution of an incorrect sound for the correct one with consequent faulty formation of words.