In 1836 an Act of Congress ordered standards to be sent to each Governor of a State, and the work was done under direction of Mr. Hassler. In 1856, two copies of the English standard yard, as restored after destruction of the original standard by fire in 1834, No. 11 of bronze, and No. 57 of Low Moor wrought iron, were presented to the United States by Airy. The United States Troughton standard bar being compared with No. 11 was found to be longer by 0·00085 inch, or in proportion of 1 to 1·0000237216, about 1½ inches in a mile, according to Report of Secretary of Treasury in 1857. Later comparisons made by J. E. Hilgard, of the Coast Survey, at the British Standards Office, between No. 11 and the standard imperial yard, give No. 11 as 0·000088 inch shorter, or it would be of standard length at temperature of 62·25° F. We may infer that the Troughton standard is too long by 0·000762 inch, or would be standard length at temperature 59·77° F. instead of at 62° by making expansion reduction with Airy’s coefficient for the bronze of the imperial standards, 0·000342 inch per yard for 1° F. The mètre was made a legal standard permissively in 1866; the United States mètre standard being one of the 12 iron mètre bars made and verified for the French Government in 1799 on the adoption of the metrical system, and brought to America by Mr. Hassler in 1800, the relative value being fixed by Act of Congress at 39·37 inches. The relative value of 39·36850154 United States inches, as obtained by Mr. Hassler, corrected to 62° F., was used by the Coast Survey till 1868, when it was found advisable to use the relative value of 39·3704 as deduced by Clarke. Since 1800 several standard mètre bars were sent to the United States by the French Government, and on comparison, there appearing to be a slight discrepancy, the original iron standard mètre bar was sent to Dr. F. A. P. Barnard in Paris, and in 1867 it was compared with the French platinum standard, which is only used once in ten years to verify other standards. A difference was found by this comparison of only ·00017 millimètre or 1/160000 inch, which being only 1/100 of an inch in a mile is inappreciable. FRANCE. The standard of length of the système ancient was the toise of 6 pieds, divided into 12 pouces of 12 lignes each. The origin of the toise is not known, but it was probably legally established by Philip Le Bel, about 1300, as he first appears to have taken steps toward a uniform system of measures in France. In the 13th century the toise is mentioned by Ch. Le Rains. In the 14th century Menongier writes that, in marching, the sight should strike the ground 4 toises in front. In the fifteenth century Pereforest brings in the toise, and in the sixteenth century the Contume de Berry says, “We use in this country two toises; one for carpenters of 5 pieds and a half, the other for masons of 6 pieds.”