The amount of ammonia in the distillates may be measured either by (1) comparison of the Nesslerized distillates with Nesslerized solutions containing known quantities of nitrogen as ammonium chloride, or by (2) comparison of the Nesslerized distillates with permanent standard solutions in which the colors of Nesslerized standard ammonia solutions are duplicated by solutions of platinum and cobalt chlorides. COMPARISON WITH AMMONIA STANDARDS. _Reagents._—1. Ammonia-free water. 2. Standard ammonium chloride solution. Dissolve 3.82 grams of ammonium chloride in ammonia-free water and dilute to 1 liter; dilute 10 cc. of this to 1 liter with ammonia-free water. One cc. equals 0.00001 gram of nitrogen. 3. Nessler reagent.[8] Dissolve 50 grams of potassium iodide in a minimum quantity of cold water. Add a saturated solution of mercuric chloride until a slight precipitate persists permanently. Add 400 cc. of 50 per cent solution of potassium hydroxide, made by dissolving the potassium hydroxide and allowing it to clarify by sedimentation before using. Dilute to 1 liter, allow to settle, and decant. This solution should give the required color with ammonia within five minutes after addition and should not produce a precipitate with small amounts of ammonia within two hours. _Procedure._—Prepare a series of 16 Nessler tubes containing the following amounts of the standard ammonium chloride solution, diluted to 50 cc. with ammonia-free water, namely: 0.0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, 1.4, 1.7, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, and 6.0 cc. These solutions will contain 0.00001 gram of nitrogen for each cubic centimeter of the standard solution. Nesslerize the standards and the distillates by adding approximately 1 cc. of Nessler reagent to each tube. Do not stir the contents of the tubes. The temperature of the tubes should be practically the same as that of the standards; otherwise the colors will not be directly comparable.[45] Allow the tubes to stand at least 10 minutes after Nesslerizing. Compare the color produced in the tubes with that in the standards by looking vertically downward through them at a white or mirrored surface placed at an angle in front of a window so as to reflect the light upward. If the color obtained by Nesslerizing the distillates is greater than that of the darkest tube of the standards, mix the contents of the tube thoroughly, pour out half of the liquid, and dilute the remainder to the original volume with ammonia-free water; then make the color comparison and multiply the result by two. If the color is still too dark after pouring out half the liquid, repeat this process of division until a reading can be made. The process of dilution may be shortened by mixing together the distillates from one sample before making the comparison and comparing an aliquot portion with the standards.