The point we have next to determine is how we can utilise the properties of reflection for the purposes of astronomical observation. Many admirable plans have been suggested. The first that was put on paper was made by Gregory, who pointed out that if we had a concave mirror, we should get from this mirror an image of the object viewed at the focus in front of it, as in Fig. 51. Of course we cannot at once utilise this focal image by using an eyepiece in the same way as we do in a refractor, because the observer’s head would stop the light, and the mirror would be useless, and all the suggestions which have been made, have reference to obtaining the image in such a position that we are able to view it conveniently. Gregory, the Scottish astronomer above referred to, in 1663 suggested a method, and it has turned out to be a good one, of utilizing reflection by placing a small mirror D C, Fig. 54, on the other side of the focus A of the large one, at such a distance that the image at A is again focussed at B by reflection from the small mirror; and at B we get of course an enlarged image of A. The rays of light proceeding to B would, however, be intercepted by the large mirror, unless an aperture were made in the large mirror of the size of the small one through which the rays could pass and be rendered parallel by means of an eyepiece placed just behind the large mirror. So that towards the object is the small mirror C, and there is an eyepiece E, which enables the image of the object to be viewed after two reflections, first from the large mirror and then from the small one. Mr. Short (who made the best telescopes of this construction, and did much for the optical science of the last century) altered the position of the small mirror with reference to the focus of the large one, by sliding it along the tube by a screw arrangement, F, and so was enabled to focus both near and distant objects without altering the eyepiece. [Illustration: FIG. 54.—Reflecting Telescope (Gregorian). ] But before this was put into practice, Sir Isaac Newton (in 1666) made telescopes on a totally different plan. The eyepiece of the Newtonian telescope is at the side of the tube, and not at the end, as in Gregory’s. We have next to inquire how this arrangement is carried out, and, like most things, it is perfectly simple when one knows how it is done. There is a large mirror at the bottom of the tube as in the Gregorian, but not perforated, and the focus of the mirror would be somewhere just in front of the end of the tube. Now in this case we do not allow the beam to get to the focus at all in the tube or in front of it; but before it comes to the focus it is received on a small diagonal plane surface m, and thus it is at once thrown outwards at right angles through the side of the tube, and comes to a focus in front of an eyepiece, placed at the side, ready to be viewed the same as an image from a refractor (Fig. 55). [Illustration: