Stars of the southern skiesOrr, M. A. (Mary Acworth)
Science
Stars of the southern skies
Orr, M. A. (Mary Acworth)
Southern sky (Astronomy); Stars
All stars are suns, but they vary so much in brightness and size and
quality of light that it is as difficult to match two stars in the
sky as two trees in a wood. Yet one of this pair is an almost exact
counterpart of our sun. The pair is approaching us, and at the same
time revolving one about the other in a period of about eighty years.
The other Pointer, Beta Centauri, is a star very different from our
sun. It belongs to a type called “Orion stars” because so many are
found in that constellation. Instead of shining with a yellow light,
they are blue or bluish-white, and their glowing atmospheres contain
quantities of helium, the gas which was only recently discovered on
earth though it had been known for many years in the sun. Oxygen and
nitrogen and some yet unknown elements are also present.
Alpha Crucis, the brightest star of the Cross, is also a blue Orion
star, and the telescope shows it to be triple. There are two bright
twin stars, and a fainter one which would be just visible to the naked
eye if alone, but being overpowered by the brilliance of the bright
pair can only be seen in a large telescope. Quite a small telescope
will separate the twins.
Achernar, the Last-of-the-River, is also an Orion star, 75 light-years
distant from us—_i.e._ light takes 75 years to come from it to us. The
sun if removed to a third of this distance would be barely visible to
the naked eye.
Rigel, Orion’s foot, is the brightest star of this class. Its intrinsic
brilliancy and its size must be enormous, for its distance is certainly
more than 360 light-years, and may be greatly more. And the distance
is increasing at the rate of 39 miles a second. Rigel is also a double
star, but its companion is very faint. In an 8-inch telescope the
bright star looks white or pale lemon-yellow, contrasting beautifully
with the little companion which is blue.
Spica, the Ear of Corn in the hand of the Virgin, is immeasurably
distant from us, and its companion is invisible even in the most
powerful telescopes. It was discovered by means of the spectroscope,
for, when the light of the star is drawn out into a long
rainbow-coloured ribbon crossed by dark lines, it is found that there
are two ribbons, one bright, the other very faint, and that the lines
of these two spectra draw apart and then come together again once in
every four days, showing that there are two stars close together and
revolving round one another in this short time. The joint mass of the
pair is two and a half times that of the sun.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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