In those places in which the relief of the poor is wholly or principally supplied from endowments, the annual expenditure is, as might have been expected, much larger. But even in these it seldom amounts to 1_s._ per head on the whole population, being about one-twelfth of the average expenditure in England. And in the whole bailiwick of Ludwigsberg, containing 29,068 inhabitants, in the year 1831 only 372 persons received regular, and 371 persons irregular (and indeed merely medical) relief. The kingdom of Wurtemberg, therefore, appears to have been, as yet, eminently successful in reconciling a recognition of the right to relief with economy in its distribution. [6] See above for the statement of the different grounds on which a man may claim the right to obtain a settlement in a parish. [7] The word “_suppe_,” here and elsewhere translated by the word _soup_, has, however, a far more general signification; the proper definition of it being “_boiled fluid food_, eaten alone, warm, with a spoon.” Thus the Germans have water-soup, beer-soup, milk-soup, bread-soup, flour-soup, wine-soup, &c. BAVARIA. With respect to the Bavarian institutions we have little information excepting the text of the law. The following extracts will show its general law tendency: (pp. 556, 557, 558, 559, 560, 562, 563.) [Sidenote: Poor Law authorities.] Each town, market, and village, is to have an institution for the poor; but if several villages wish to unite in forming one of these institutions, it is not only to be permitted, but every facility is to be afforded it. Each provincial district (landgericht) must have an institution of its own. All the inhabitants of such district are obliged, according to their means, to contribute to that purpose; each person is, besides, bound to continue to support those poor relations whom the laws direct him to maintain. The claims for relief are to be fixed according to the laws of their district (heimath gesetz.) Sometimes, in cases of great necessity, relief is allowed to strangers who do not belong to the parish. The overseers consist (unless it is otherwise determined) of the directors, of the police, commissaries, and magistrates. In cases where medical aid is necessary, they are to be attended by physicians, who are appointed by the state. In towns and larger market towns, besides the above-named overseers, a council is to be formed, consisting of the clergyman and the mayor and persons deputed by the magistrates and all classes of the people, in proportion to the number of inhabitants of each place. In smaller market-towns the clergyman and deputies from the peasants form this council. When several villages join together to form one of these institutions, a general committee is to be formed.