PORTRAITS. PAGE AIRD, CAPTAIN 215 ALLAN, SIR HUGH 208 ALLAN, ANDREW 296 BURNS, SIR GEORGE 93 CAMPBELL, CAPTAIN 233 CUNARD, SIR SAMUEL 93 DUTTON, CAPTAIN 218 FLEMING, SIR SANDFORD 4 GRAHAM, CAPTAIN 211 HAMILTON, HON. JOHN 331 LINDALL, CAPTAIN 223 MACAULAY, CAPTAIN 227 MACIVER, DAVID 93 MCMASTER, CAPTAIN 197 MCLENNAN, HUGH 296 MOUNTSTEPHEN, LORD 4 NAPIER, ROBERT 97 NAPIER, MRS. 97 OGILVIE, W. W. 296 RITCHIE, CAPTAIN 216 SHEPHERD, R. W. 322 SMITH, CAPTAIN W. H. 194 STRATHCONA, LORD 4 TORRANCE, JOHN 308 WYLIE, CAPTAIN 212 MISCELLANEOUS. PAGE CANAL LOCK, CANADIAN 264 CANAL LOCK, U. STATES 278 CUNARD TRACK CHART 90 GRAIN ELEVATOR 289 GREAT REPUBLIC, SHIP 26 HORSE-BOAT 29 MAP GULF PORTS, ETC. 241 ROYAL WILLIAM—MODEL 55 SHIP OF THE DESERT 143 WIND-BOAT 70 [Illustration: “PILGRIM,” Sister to _Priscilla_ of the Fall River Line, 1890.] CHAPTER I. THE DAWN OF STEAM NAVIGATION. _Ah! what pleasant visions haunt me As I gaze upon the sea! All the old romantic legends. All my dreams come back to me._ —LONGFELLOW. The up-to-date standard—Old-time sailing ships—The clipper packet-ship—Dawn of steam navigation—Denis Papin on the Fulda—Bell’s _Comet_—Fulton’s _Clermont_—American river steamers and ferry-boats. Travel increases in faster ratio than do facilities for inter-communication. The prophecy surely is being fulfilled in these latter days, “Many shall run to and fro, and knowledge shall be increased.” It is estimated that at least 750,000 persons travel yearly between Europe and America; 99,223 cabin passengers and 252,350 steerage passengers landed at New York from Europe in 1896. The Cunard Line brought the largest number of cabin passengers, 17,999, from Liverpool, and the North German Lloyd Line the largest number of steerage, namely, 38,034, from Bremen.