V. OPENING OF THE TRANSATLANTIC SERVICE 122 VI. DEVELOPMENT OF THE TRANSATLANTIC SERVICE 149 VII. THE DEVELOPMENT OF STEAM AUXILIARY -- OCEAN ROUTES 164 VIII. EXPERIMENTAL IRON SHIPBUILDING -- _The Great Britain_ 193 IX. DEVELOPMENT OF IRON SHIPBUILDING -- _The Great Eastern_ 228 X. THE BUILDING OF STEEL SHIPS -- MODERN LINES -- TURBINES 279 XI. STEAM-POWER AND THE NAVY -- OTHER NAVIES 311 XII. MISCELLANEOUS: TUGS -- CARGO-BOATS -- FLOATING DOCKS, ETC. -- ECCENTRICITIES OF DESIGN 341 BIBLIOGRAPHY 391 INDEX 395 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE 1. The _William Fawcett_, the first P. & O. Steam-ship; with a Bomb Ketch and H.M.S. _St. Vincent_. [_To face title-page_ From a painting by Charles Dixon; by kind permission of the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Co. 2. The _Chancellor Livingston_ _Headpiece to Preface_ From a drawing by W. T. Loveday 3. Primitive Paddle-boats 3 From Robertus Valturius, _De Re Militari_, 1472 4. “Barque à Roues”: Primitive Chinese Paddle-boat 5 Sketched from a drawing 5. “Liburna” or Galley, worked by Oxen 7 From Morisotus, _Orbis Maritimi Historia_, 1643 6. Jonathan Hulls’ Paddle-steamer, 1737 _To face_ 14 From the drawing in the Science Museum, South Kensington 7. The Marquis de Jouffroy’s Steamboat, 1783 _To face_ 16 From a copy of a French print published in 1816 8. John Fitch’s Oared Paddle-boat, 1786 22 From a contemporary drawing 9. John Stevens’ _Phœnix_, 1807 _To face_ 28 From a contemporary picture, by courtesy of E. A. Stevens, Esq., Hoboken, N.J. 10. Robert Fulton’s _Clermont_, 1807 37 By courtesy of the _Shipping World_ 11. The _Paragon_, built 1811 _To face_ 40 By courtesy of the _Master, Mate, and Pilot_ 12. The _Philadelphia_, built 1826 _To face_ 44 From a contemporary picture, by courtesy of E. A. Stevens, Esq., Hoboken, N.J. 13. The _De Witt Clinton_, built 1828 _To face_ 46 14. The _William Cutting_, built 1827 _To face_ 48 By courtesy of the _Master, Mate, and Pilot_ 15. The _Mary Powell_ (Hudson River Day Line) 50 Sketched by E. Coffin from a photograph