Stellar atmospheres : $b A contribution to the observational study of high temperature in the reversing layers of starsPayne-Gaposchkin, Cecilia
Science
Stellar atmospheres : $b A contribution to the observational study of high temperature in the reversing layers of stars
Payne-Gaposchkin, Cecilia
Astrophysics; Stars -- Spectra; Stars -- Temperature; Thesis (Ph. D.)
92
Uranium
U
238.2
..
[Pg 8]—
ARRANGEMENT OF EXTRA-NUCLEAR ELECTRONS
Logically a description of the analysis of spectra should precede
the discussion of electron arrangement, for our knowledge of the
extra-nuclear electrons is very largely based on spectroscopic
evidence. The established conceptions of atomic structure, however,
are useful in classifying mentally the general outlines of the origin
of line spectra, and therefore, for convenience of reference, Bohr’s
table[4] of the arrangement of extra-nuclear electrons is here prefixed
to our brief discussion of spectroscopic data. The chemical elements
are given in order of atomic number, and successive columns contain,
for the atom in its normal state, the numbers of electrons in the
various quantum orbits.
Figure 1
Arrangement of electron orbits for the atom of neutral sodium.
Orbits consisting partly of broken lines are circular orbits seen in
perspective. The numbers and quantum relations of the orbits are as
follows: inner shell, two orbits; next shell, four
orbits and four orbits; outer electron orbit.
In accordance with the notation of Bohr and Kramers,[5] the first
figure in the orbit-designation that stands at the head of a column
denotes the total quantum number, which determines the length of the
major axis of the corresponding orbit. The subscript is the so-called
azimuthal quantum number, which determines the ellipticity of the
orbit; the orbits with the smallest azimuthal quantum numbers are the
most eccentric, and those for which the azimuthal quantum number is
[Pg 9]
equal to the total quantum number are circular. The diagram (Figure 1)
represents the normal arrangement of electrons around the nucleus of
the sodium atom, which possesses eleven extra-nuclear electrons.
TABLE II
No.
Elt.
1₁
2₁
2₂
3₁
3₂
3₃
4₁
4₂
4₃
4₄
5₁
5₂
5₃
5₄
5₅
6₁
6₂
6₃
6₄
6₅
6₆
7₁
7₂
1
H
1
2
He
2
3
Li
2
1
4
Be
2
2
5
B
2
2
(1)
6
C
2
2
2
7
N
2
4
1
8
O
2
4
2
9
F
2
4
3
10
Ne
2
4
4
11
Na
2
4
4
1
12
Mg
2
4
4
2
13
Al
2
4
4
2
1
14
Si
2
4
4
(2)
(2)
15
P
2
4
4
4
1
16
S
2
4
4
4
2
17
Cl
2
4
4
4
3
18
A
2
4
4
4
4
19
K
2
4
4
4
4
-
1
20
Ca
2
4
4
4
4
-
2
21
Sc
2
4
4
4
4
1
(2)
22
Ti
2
4
4
4
4
2
(2)
29
Cu
2
4
4
6
6
6
1
30
Zn
2
4
4
6
6
6
2
31
Ga
2
4
4
6
6
6
2
1
32
Ge
2
4
4
6
6
6
4
33
As
2
4
4
6
6
6
4
1
34
Se
2
4
4
6
6
6
4
2
36
Kr
2
4
4
6
6
6
4
3
37
Rb
2
4
4
6
6
6
4
4
-
-
1
38
Sr
2
4
4
6
6
6
4
4
-
-
2
39
Y
2
4
4
6
6
6
4
4
1
-
(2)
40
Zr
2
4
4
6
6
6
4
4
2
-
(2)
[Pg 10]
47
Ag
2
4
4
6
6
6
6
6
6
-
1
48
Cd
2
4
4
6
6
6
6
6
6
-
2
49
In
2
4
4
6
6
6
6
6
6
-
2
1
50
Sn
2
4
4
6
6
6
6
6
6
-
4
51
Sb
2
4
4
6
6
6
6
6
6
-
4
1
52
Te
2
4
4
6
6
6
6
6
6
-
4
2
53
I
2
4
4
6
6
6
6
6
6
-
4
3
54
Xe
2
4
4
6
6
6
6
6
6
-
4
4
55
Cs
2
4
4
6
6
6
6
6
6
-
4
4
-
-
-
1
56
Ba
2
4
4
6
6
6
6
6
6
-
4
4
-
-
-
2
57
La
2
4
4
6
6
6
6
6
6
-
4
4
1
-
-
(2)
58
Ce
2
4
4
6
6
6
6
6
6
-
4
4
2
-
-
(2)
59
Pr
2
4
4
6
6
6
6
6
6
2
4
4
3
-
-
1
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